Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the focus of developmental psychology?
Which of the following best describes the focus of developmental psychology?
- The study of the biological basis of behavior and mental processes.
- The study of social interactions between humans and groups.
- The study of changes in behaviour and mental processes as they relate to age. (correct)
- The study of mental illnesses and their treatments.
The ‘nature versus nurture’ debate in developmental psychology primarily focuses on:
The ‘nature versus nurture’ debate in developmental psychology primarily focuses on:
- The conflict between maintaining characteristics and changing them.
- Whether the development is continuous or occurs in stages.
- The debate between the stability of characteristics versus experiencing major change.
- Whether hereditary influences or environmental influences have the strongest impact. (correct)
What perspective is most preferred by psychologists regarding development?
What perspective is most preferred by psychologists regarding development?
- The nurture perspective with environment shaping who we are.
- A perspective that focuses solely on internal mental processes.
- The interactionist perspective, which combines biological, psychological and social influences. (correct)
- The nature perspective, with genes determining traits.
During which period of prenatal development does implantation in the uterus occur?
During which period of prenatal development does implantation in the uterus occur?
What are teratogens?
What are teratogens?
Which of the following senses is the least developed at birth?
Which of the following senses is the least developed at birth?
What is considered a significant milestone during middle adulthood for women?
What is considered a significant milestone during middle adulthood for women?
What describes the motor development of early childhood?
What describes the motor development of early childhood?
Which of the following best describes the 'male climacteric'?
Which of the following best describes the 'male climacteric'?
According to Piaget, what is the most basic unit of intellect that organizes our interactions with the environment?
According to Piaget, what is the most basic unit of intellect that organizes our interactions with the environment?
In Piaget's theory, what occurs when a child adjusts an existing way of knowing to better fit new information?
In Piaget's theory, what occurs when a child adjusts an existing way of knowing to better fit new information?
A child who is upset when their mother leaves and, upon her return, both seeks closeness and squirms away is exhibiting which type of attachment?
A child who is upset when their mother leaves and, upon her return, both seeks closeness and squirms away is exhibiting which type of attachment?
Which level of Kohlberg's moral development is characterized by a focus on rules, laws, and maintaining social order?
Which level of Kohlberg's moral development is characterized by a focus on rules, laws, and maintaining social order?
According to Erikson, what is the primary psychosocial conflict during the adolescent stage of development?
According to Erikson, what is the primary psychosocial conflict during the adolescent stage of development?
Which of Erikson's stages involves the primary conflict of establishing close relationships versus experiencing loneliness?
Which of Erikson's stages involves the primary conflict of establishing close relationships versus experiencing loneliness?
What is 'secondary aging' primarily influenced by?
What is 'secondary aging' primarily influenced by?
Which of these is NOT a core debate within developmental psychology?
Which of these is NOT a core debate within developmental psychology?
The biopsychosocial model, frequently used in developmental psychology, evolved from which perspective?
The biopsychosocial model, frequently used in developmental psychology, evolved from which perspective?
The period of prenatal development that occurs directly after uterine implantation is known as the:
The period of prenatal development that occurs directly after uterine implantation is known as the:
Teratogens primarily exert their harmful effects during prenatal development by:
Teratogens primarily exert their harmful effects during prenatal development by:
Which of the following is a characteristic of brain development during early childhood?
Which of the following is a characteristic of brain development during early childhood?
Which least describes a typical developmental change observed in early childhood?
Which least describes a typical developmental change observed in early childhood?
While several senses are well developed at birth, the sense of ___ is notably less developed:
While several senses are well developed at birth, the sense of ___ is notably less developed:
What is a defining physical change that typically marks middle age for women?
What is a defining physical change that typically marks middle age for women?
The emergence of active movement skills, like crawling and walking, is a key part of which area of development in early childhood?
The emergence of active movement skills, like crawling and walking, is a key part of which area of development in early childhood?
Which of these time periods is NOT defined by significant physical changes?
Which of these time periods is NOT defined by significant physical changes?
What cognitive process involves incorporating new experiences into existing mental frameworks?
What cognitive process involves incorporating new experiences into existing mental frameworks?
A child who primarily focusses on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards is most likely in which stage of Kohlberg's moral development?
A child who primarily focusses on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards is most likely in which stage of Kohlberg's moral development?
Which of Ainsworth's attachment styles is characterized by a child who shows distress upon separation from their caregiver, and ambivalence upon their return?
Which of Ainsworth's attachment styles is characterized by a child who shows distress upon separation from their caregiver, and ambivalence upon their return?
In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, during which stage is the primary conflict between establishing independence and experiencing self-doubt?
In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, during which stage is the primary conflict between establishing independence and experiencing self-doubt?
According to Piaget, what stage is characterized by the development of logical thought about concrete events?
According to Piaget, what stage is characterized by the development of logical thought about concrete events?
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most closely associated with the desire to contribute to the next generation and leave a legacy?
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most closely associated with the desire to contribute to the next generation and leave a legacy?
What term is used to describe the age-related changes that are gradual and universal, such as a decline in sensory activity?
What term is used to describe the age-related changes that are gradual and universal, such as a decline in sensory activity?
What is the central focus of Harlow's experiments with monkeys in relation to attachment?
What is the central focus of Harlow's experiments with monkeys in relation to attachment?
Which of the following is associated with Piaget's formal operational stage of development?
Which of the following is associated with Piaget's formal operational stage of development?
Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development is characterized by a focus on personal values and societal good?
Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development is characterized by a focus on personal values and societal good?
Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
Developmental Psychology
The study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death.
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature vs. Nurture
The debate over whether genetics or environment plays a larger role in development.
Continuity vs. Stages
Continuity vs. Stages
The question of whether development is a gradual process or occurs in distinct stages.
Stability vs. Change
Stability vs. Change
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Biopsychosocial Model
Biopsychosocial Model
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Prenatal Development
Prenatal Development
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Teratogens
Teratogens
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Early Childhood Development
Early Childhood Development
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Primary Aging
Primary Aging
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Secondary Aging
Secondary Aging
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Schemas
Schemas
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Assimilation
Assimilation
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Accommodation
Accommodation
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Attachment
Attachment
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Strange Situation Procedure
Strange Situation Procedure
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Kohlberg's Moral Development Model
Kohlberg's Moral Development Model
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What are schemas?
What are schemas?
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What is assimilation?
What is assimilation?
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What is accommodation?
What is accommodation?
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What is attachment?
What is attachment?
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What is the Strange Situation Procedure?
What is the Strange Situation Procedure?
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What is Kohlberg's Model of Moral Development?
What is Kohlberg's Model of Moral Development?
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What is the Preconventional Level of Moral Development?
What is the Preconventional Level of Moral Development?
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What is the Conventional Level of Moral Development?
What is the Conventional Level of Moral Development?
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What is the Postconventional Level of Moral Development?
What is the Postconventional Level of Moral Development?
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What is Erikson's stage of Trust vs. Mistrust?
What is Erikson's stage of Trust vs. Mistrust?
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Germinal Period
Germinal Period
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Embryonic Period
Embryonic Period
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Fetal Period
Fetal Period
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Brain Development in Early Childhood
Brain Development in Early Childhood
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Motor Development in Early Childhood
Motor Development in Early Childhood
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Sensory and Perceptual Development in Early Childhood
Sensory and Perceptual Development in Early Childhood
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Adolescence and Puberty
Adolescence and Puberty
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Menopause
Menopause
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology Lecture Overview
- The study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes throughout the lifespan, from conception to death
- Key topics include: Studying Development, Physical Development, Cognitive Development, Social, Moral, and Personality Development, and Living Psychology – Meeting the Challenges of Adulthood
Stages of Life Span Development
- Prenatal: Conception to birth
- Infancy: Birth to 18 months
- Early childhood: 18 months to 6 years
- Middle childhood: 6 to 12 years
- Adolescence: 12 to 20 years
- Young adulthood: 20 to 45 years
- Middle adulthood: 45 to 60 years
- Late adulthood: 60 years to death
Theoretical Debates in Studying Development
- Nature vs. Nurture: Heredity vs. environment
- Continuity vs. Stages: Gradual change vs. distinct periods of change
- Stability vs. Change: Characteristics maintained vs. changing characteristics
The Interactionist Perspective
- Preferred by most psychologists
- Evolved into the biopsychosocial model
Prenatal Physical Development
- Begins at conception
- Three periods:
- Germinal period: Conception to implantation in the uterus
- Embryonic period: Implantation to the 8th week
- Fetal period: 8th week to birth
Hazards to Prenatal Development (Teratogens)
- Environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal development
- Examples:
- Legal and illegal drugs
- Diseases (e.g., German measles, herpes, AIDS, toxoplasmosis)
- Malnutrition
- Exposure to X-rays and stress
- Specific examples of effects: Low birth weight, malformations, less-developed brain, greater vulnerability to disease, hyperactivity, irritability, feeding difficulties, malformations, hearing loss, attention deficits, etc.
Early Childhood Physical Development
- Key areas of change in the brain, motor skills, and sensory/perceptual development. Key changes include increased neuron size and dendrite/axon numbers in the brain, development of motor skills (e.g., chin up, roll over, sit, stand, walk), and development of sensory and perceptual skills.
Brain Development
- Neurons grow in size
- Number of dendrites and axons increase
Motor Development
- Orderly emergence of active movement skills
- Includes milestones like chin up, roll over, sit with support, sit alone, stand holding furniture, stand alone, walk holding on, walk alone and walk up steps. Specific timeframes for each milestone are given.
Sensory and Perceptual Development
- Senses of smell, taste, touch, and hearing are well-developed at birth
- Sense of vision is poorly developed at birth
Adolescence and Puberty
- Time of significant physical changes
- Specific changes:
- Underarm and facial hair growth
- Breast development
- Enlargement of uterus, Beginning of menstruation,
- Pubic hair growth
- Pituitary gland releases hormones that stimulate
- Adrenal glands
- Ovaries
- Testes
Adulthood
- Middle Age: Menopause in women and male climacteric (andropause) in men
- Late Adulthood: Primary aging (gradual changes) and secondary aging (changes due to disease, disuse, or neglect)
Cognitive Development (Piaget)
- Infants begin at a "primitive" level, progressing through distinct stages.
- Schemas are the basic units of intellect, organizing interactions with the environment.
- Schemas grow and change through:
- Assimilation: Absorbing new information into existing schemas
- Accommodation: Adjusting existing schemas or developing new ones to fit new information
- Four Stages:
-
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
-
Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
-
Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years)
-
Formal Operational (11 years and up)
-
Key aspects of each stage are detailed within the summary tables on the associated ages.
-
Social, Moral, and Personality Development
- Social Development: Attachment as a strong emotional bond with special others
- Attachment and Harlow's work with monkeys (feeding vs contact comfort)
- Levels of Attachment:
- Securely attached
- Avoidant
- Anxious/Ambivalent - Descriptions of each attachment style are provided
- Moral Development: Kohlberg's model of moral development based on responses to moral stories
- Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional stages
- Descriptions of each stage are included
- Personality Development: Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages of development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
- Generativity vs Stagnation
- Ego Integrity vs Despair
- Description of each stage are included
Death and Dying
- Coping with death and dying:
- Cultural differences in interpreting and responding to death
- Age-related differences in interpreting and responding to death
- Kübler-Ross's stages of psychological processes surrounding death:
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
- Detailed descriptions for each stage are included in the summary tables.
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