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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of collectivist culture?
What is the primary focus of collectivist culture?
Which term refers to the period when a developing organism is capable of reproduction?
Which term refers to the period when a developing organism is capable of reproduction?
What is a teratogen?
What is a teratogen?
What is menarche?
What is menarche?
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Which of the following best describes heritability?
Which of the following best describes heritability?
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In Balyaev and Trut's Fox experiment, what was the main purpose of selective breeding?
In Balyaev and Trut's Fox experiment, what was the main purpose of selective breeding?
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What is the function of the placenta?
What is the function of the placenta?
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What does temperament refer to in a psychological context?
What does temperament refer to in a psychological context?
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At what age can a baby typically begin to walk independently?
At what age can a baby typically begin to walk independently?
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What is the term used to describe the ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are not perceived?
What is the term used to describe the ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are not perceived?
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Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and responsiveness?
Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and responsiveness?
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In which stage of Piaget's cognitive development do children begin to think logically about concrete events?
In which stage of Piaget's cognitive development do children begin to think logically about concrete events?
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What is a common behavior associated with insecure anxious attachment?
What is a common behavior associated with insecure anxious attachment?
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What does the theory of mind refer to in child development?
What does the theory of mind refer to in child development?
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What is the critical period in development?
What is the critical period in development?
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Which type of intelligence refers to knowledge accumulated over time that does not decline with age?
Which type of intelligence refers to knowledge accumulated over time that does not decline with age?
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Which aspect is primarily focused on by Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development?
Which aspect is primarily focused on by Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development?
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What cognitive ability is characterized by the use of inner speech, as emphasized by Vygotsky?
What cognitive ability is characterized by the use of inner speech, as emphasized by Vygotsky?
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology
- Balyaev and Trut's Fox Experiment: Selective breeding of foxes resulted in tamer foxes compared to wild foxes, but not as tame as dogs.
- Rosenweig and Krech's Study: Investigated the effect of environment on rat brain development.
- Culture: Shared beliefs and practices of a group.
- Norms: Social rules governing behavior in cultures.
- Chromosomes: Structures carrying genetic information (46 total, 23 from each parent).
- Collectivist Culture: Prioritizes group goals over individual ones.
- Individualistic Culture: Emphasizes personal achievements and independence.
- Social Learning Theory: Learning through observation and imitation.
- Puberty: Period of sexual maturation enabling reproduction.
- Menarche: First menstrual cycle in females.
- Zygote: Fertilized egg; first stage of development (up to ~14 days).
- Embryo: Developing organism (2-8 weeks); organ formation, heart beat begins.
- Fetus: Developing organism (9 weeks to birth).
- Placenta: Organ providing nutrients to the fetus.
- Teratogen: Chemicals/viruses harming the developing fetus.
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Disorder from alcohol exposure; low birth weight, small head, developmental delays, etc.
- Reflexes: Automatic responses (rooting, swallowing, stepping, Babinski).
- Habituation: Newborns become bored with repeated stimuli and renew attention to change.
- Temperament: Characteristic emotional reactivity and sensitivity.
Cognitive Development
- Heritability: Extent to which individual differences are attributed to genes.
- Maturation: Biological growth processes influencing behavior (relatively independent of experience).
- Developmental Milestones: Timeline of key motor skills development (sitting, crawling, walking).
- Schema: Concept/framework organizing and interpreting information.
- Assimilation: Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
- Accommodation: Adapting schemas to incorporate new information.
- Object Permanence: Awareness that objects exist even when unseen.
- Self-Awareness: Recognizing oneself in a mirror.
- Egocentrism: Difficulty taking another's perspective.
- Conservation: Principle that properties like mass/volume/number remain despite changes in form.
- Theory of Mind: Understanding of one's own and others' mental states.
- Inner Speech: Vygotsky's concept; helps children control behavior, emotions, and master skills.
- Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget): 0-2 years; experiencing world through senses and actions.
- Preoperational Stage (Piaget): 2-7 years; representing things with words and images; intuitive reasoning.
- Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget): 7-11 years; logical thought about concrete events; grasp of analogies and math.
- Formal Operational Stage (Piaget): 12+ years; abstract reasoning.
Psychopathology
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Childhood disorder with significant communication/social interaction deficits, and restricted/repetitive behaviors.
Attachment Theory
- Attachment Styles:
- Insecure-anxious: Constant craving for acceptance, vigilance for rejection.
- Insecure-avoidant: Discomfort with closeness, avoids intimacy.
- Secure: Trusting, empathetic, sets appropriate boundaries.
- Stranger Anxiety: Fear of strangers (typically begins around 8 months).
Social and Emotional Development
- Critical Period: Optimal time for certain stimuli to promote proper development.
- Imprinting: Strong attachments animals form during early life (not applicable to humans).
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian: Strict rules, unquestioning obedience; children have fewer social skills, lower self-esteem, higher stress.
- Permissive: Few demands, little punishment; children may be aggressive, immature, dependent, manipulative.
- Uninvolved/Neglectful: Careless and inattentive; children experience low self-esteem and social difficulties.
- Authoritative: Demanding but responsive; children have higher self-esteem, self-reliance, and social responsibility.
Moral Development (Kohlberg)
- Preconventional: Self-interest; rules followed to avoid punishment or gain rewards.
- Conventional: Upheld laws/rules to gain social approval or maintain order.
- Postconventional: Moral reasoning transcends societal rules; considers principles that might require changing rules.
Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
- Stages: Trust vs. Mistrust (infant), Identity vs. Confusion (adolescence), Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood), Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle age).
Research Methods and Concepts
- Ecological Systems Theory: Closer systems exert greater influence on the individual.
- Cross-cultural Studies: Comparing different cultural contexts.
- Longitudinal Studies: Same individuals studied over an extended period.
- Crystallized Intelligence: Knowledge accumulated over time (doesn't decline with age).
- Fluid Intelligence: Reasoning speed (declines with age).
- Correlation vs. Experiment: Correlation shows relationships; experiment reveals cause-and-effect.
Sensory and Perception
- Sensation: Process of receiving and interpreting visual stimuli.
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Description
Explore key concepts in developmental psychology, including the impact of environment on brain development, the role of genetic information, and cultural influences on behavior. This quiz covers various stages of development and significant studies that shaped the field.
