Attachment Theory and Cultural Influences on Parenting
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential issue with applying Western-style parenting to non-Western cultures?

  • It is more cost-effective
  • It is more effective in promoting child development
  • It may be perceived as morally superior
  • It may not account for local cultural norms and values (correct)

    • What is parentification, as defined in the context of child development?

  • Children assuming adult or parental responsibilities that are developmentally inappropriate (correct)
  • Children being overly dependent on their parents
  • Children taking on age-appropriate responsibilities
  • Children receiving excessive care and attention from parents

    • In some cultures, children's assistance in caregiving is viewed as:

  • A sign of neglect
  • A result of parental laziness
  • Normative and a valuable contribution to the family (correct)
  • Developmentally inappropriate

    • In Zambia, older siblings often play a greater role in caregiving than their parents, resulting in younger siblings developing an attachment to:

    <p>Their older siblings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of standardized tests in cross-cultural contexts?

    <p>They are invalid for children from non-dominant cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of cultural content included in a test or how the test is conducted?

    <p>Culture load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue with intelligence tests developed by White American psychologists?

    <p>They reflect the cultural values and biases of the test creators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might people from different cultural backgrounds perform poorly on intelligence tests?

    <p>They lack knowledge of the specific cultural content in the test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a limitation of treatment approaches in the past?

    <p>They have ignored Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander approaches to healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the Indigenous Turn?

    <p>The recognition of Indigenous Knowledge Systems as crucial for understanding various aspects of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of Indigenous Psychology?

    <p>To develop psychology that is influenced by the cultural context in which people live.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of historical, cross-generational trauma experienced by First Nations Australians?

    <p>A revitalization of pathways for connecting to culture as a healing process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of Indigenous Knowledge Systems?

    <p>Eco-centric, collective governance that supports the flourishing of communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a silence of the past?

    <p>A silence on the policy of forced removal and the Stolen Generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Indigenous Psychology in terms of understanding mental health?

    <p>A focus on understanding the impact of historical trauma on mental health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the revitalization of Indigenous practices?

    <p>A focus on living in harmony with Mother Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Australian Government's stance on improving Indigenous Australians' health and well-being?

    <p>It acknowledges the need for collaborative, community-led efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increased interest in acculturation studies?

    <p>Increased intercultural contact due to international migration and globalisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the NHMRC guidelines for ethical conduct in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health research?

    <p>To ensure ethical conduct in research involving Indigenous Australians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of acculturation research?

    <p>The process of cultural and psychological adaptation in response to diverse cultural interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Berry's model, what are the four orientations of acculturation?

    <p>Assimilation, integration, separation, and marginalisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are unwritten cultural scripts passed down through socialization and enculturation?

    <p>Informal, unspoken norms and values shaping daily life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of monochronic cultures?

    <p>Linear time segments and strict schedules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences acculturation outcomes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ethnic identity and acculturation?

    <p>They can lead to friction but are not mutually exclusive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of polychronic cultures?

    <p>Linear time segments and strict schedules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Reconciliation Action Plan in psychology?

    <p>To include Indigenous knowledge in psychology curricula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory?

    <p>Measuring values and behaviors across six dimensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the South-Asian Identity Development Model?

    <p>The stages leading to a positive bicultural identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of tolerance and acceptance as culturally sensitive attitudes?

    <p>Enhancing cultural relations and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do research studies on acculturation often focus on migrant, racialised, and ethnicized groups?

    <p>Because they are often the most affected by the acculturation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge of interacting with diverse cultural backgrounds in a globalized world?

    <p>Navigating cultural differences and avoiding misunderstandings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the emerging trend in psychological research involving Indigenous peoples?

    <p>Conducting collaborative research with Indigenous communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for effective communication with diverse cultures?

    <p>Understanding and respecting diverse values, attitudes, and worldviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of models like LaFromboise et al.'s?

    <p>To identify types of acculturation strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cultural competence an ethical responsibility for psychologists?

    <p>Because it is a way to work effectively with diverse cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for operating in multicultural societies?

    <p>Developing generic cultural competencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should cultural awareness training emphasize?

    <p>Practical application of cultural awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important for effective communication with Indigenous peoples?

    <p>Adjusting communicative style and showing appropriate emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for psychologists to be culturally responsive?

    <p>Awareness of their own cultural biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attachment Theory and Parenting

    • Attachment theory invites moral judgement of parenting and raises ethical issues when applying Western-style parenting without understanding local cultures
    • Parentification is a phenomenon where children assume adult or parental responsibilities that are developmentally inappropriate
    • In some collectivist cultures, children's assistance in caregiving is considered normative, such as in Zambia, where older siblings play a greater role in caregiving and younger siblings develop an attachment to their older siblings

    Criticism of Standardized Tests

    • Standardized tests are criticized for being invalid for children from non-dominant cultures
    • Historical controversy surrounds psychological testing and assessment with racial/ethnic minority groups, as tests were standardized, validated, and reliable primarily with White, middle-class, English-language samples
    • Culture Load refers to the amount of cultural content included in a test or how the test is conducted, which can influence performance

    Indigenous Psychology

    • The Indigenous Turn recognizes Indigenous ways of doing, knowing, and living as crucial for understanding various aspects, from brain function to studying stars
    • Indigenous Psychology emerges as part of this resurgence of Indigenous knowledges and self-determination
    • The objective of Indigenous Psychology is to develop psychologies that are not imposed, influenced by the cultural context, and developed from within the culture
    • Revitalizing pathways for connecting to culture is essential for healing, especially for First Nations Australians

    Understanding Culture and Its Context

    • Culture has a significant impact on daily life, including unwritten cultural scripts passed down through socialization and enculturation
    • Challenges arise when interacting with diverse cultural backgrounds in a globalized world, leading to culture shock experienced by migrants in new environments
    • Development and maintenance of multiple identities occur in cultural transitions

    Dimensions of Culture

    • Unwritten rules guiding daily life set different cultural groups apart
    • Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory measures values and behaviors across six dimensions, although criticism exists, the model remains useful in promoting cultural relations
    • Tolerance and acceptance are essential culturally sensitive attitudes towards different cultures

    Time and Culture

    • Cultural differences exist in attitudes towards time, influencing behavior
    • Monochronic cultures have linear time segments and strict schedules, whereas polychronic cultures have fluid time and less strict regulations
    • Hall's identification of time perspective differences in cultures highlights the distinction between monochronic and polychronic cultures

    Acculturation and Assimilation

    • Accumulation involves changes individuals and groups undergo when encountering a new culture, as a dynamic process of integration while retaining elements of one's cultural heritage
    • Research often focuses on migrant, racialized, and ethicized groups, with power relationships, history, and policies of the receiving country impacting acculturation
    • Ethnic identity and acculturation are not mutually exclusive but can lead to friction, with models identifying types of acculturations and stages leading to a positive bicultural identity

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    Explore the ethical considerations of applying Western-style parenting to diverse cultural contexts, including the impact of parentification on migrant and refugee families.

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