Developmental Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between acute stress and chronic stress?

Acute stress is short-term and arises from specific events, while chronic stress is long-term and results from ongoing situations.

How does chronic high levels of cortisol affect human health?

Chronic high levels of cortisol can lead to health issues such as hypertension, immune suppression, and metabolic disorders.

What are problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies?

Problem-focused coping involves directly addressing the source of stress, while emotion-focused coping manages emotional responses to stress.

What conditions contribute to the formation of a group in social psychology?

<p>The two important conditions for group formation are interdependence and shared identity among members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

<p>The outgroup homogeneity effect is the tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than members of ingroups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of social identity theory in terms of group membership.

<p>Social identity theory suggests individuals derive part of their identity from their group memberships, leading to ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can seeking social support serve as a coping mechanism for stress?

<p>Seeking social support allows individuals to receive help and comfort from others, reducing feelings of isolation and stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do zebras not develop ulcers despite experiencing acute stress?

<p>Zebras experience acute stress from immediate threats but do not suffer from chronic stress, which is linked to health issues like ulcers in humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between acute and chronic stress?

<p>Acute stress is short-term and often leads to immediate reactions, while chronic stress is long-term and can have severe health effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do stress hormones affect physical health?

<p>Stress hormones, like cortisol, can lead to various physical health issues such as high blood pressure, weakened immune response, and weight gain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two effective coping strategies for managing stress.

<p>Exercise and mindfulness meditation are two effective coping strategies to manage stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major effect of group membership on individual behavior?

<p>Group membership can lead to deindividuation, where individuals lose self-awareness and may engage in impulsive or deviant behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Asch's studies illustrate about conformity?

<p>Asch's studies demonstrate that people often conform to incorrect group judgments, indicating the strong influence of social pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does group polarization occur during group discussions?

<p>Group polarization occurs when discussions lead members to adopt more extreme positions than their initial beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the door-in-the-face technique in compliance strategies?

<p>The door-in-the-face technique involves making a large request that is likely to be refused, followed by a smaller request that is more reasonable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concerns arise from Milgram's shock experiments?

<p>Ethical concerns include the potential for psychological harm to participants and the deceptive nature of the experiment's setup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between acute and chronic stress?

<p>Acute stress is short-term and often results from specific events, while chronic stress is long-lasting and results from ongoing pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do stress hormones physically impact the body in the short-term?

<p>Stress hormones like cortisol increase heart rate and energy levels, preparing the body for a 'fight or flight' response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two effective coping strategies for managing stress?

<p>Mindfulness meditation and regular physical exercise are two effective strategies for stress management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does group membership influence individual behavior?

<p>Group membership can lead to conformity, where individuals adjust their attitudes or behaviors to match group norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between conformity and compliance in social psychology?

<p>Conformity involves changing beliefs or behaviors to align with group norms, while compliance refers to agreeing to a request from others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the fundamental attribution error affect perceptions of others' behaviors?

<p>The fundamental attribution error leads individuals to overemphasize personal characteristics and underestimate situational factors in others' behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do stereotypes play in forming prejudiced attitudes?

<p>Stereotypes can perpetuate generalized beliefs about a group, leading to negative attitudes or prejudices against its members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does education and awareness have on reducing outgroup bias?

<p>Education and awareness can reduce outgroup bias by challenging misconceptions and fostering understanding between different groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Psychology

  • Developmental psychology is the scientific study of human change across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, and social changes.
  • Critical periods are specific times during development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned, such as language acquisition in early childhood.
  • Brain development involves growth and maturation of the nervous system, including neural connections, synaptic pruning, and myelination, which are essential for cognitive and motor skills.
  • Teratogens are substances that can cause birth defects or developmental problems in a fetus. Examples include alcohol (leading to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) and thalidomide.
  • The preferential-looking technique is used to study infant visual preferences, revealing preferences for faces, high-contrast patterns, and complex designs.
  • Attachment is the emotional bond between a child and their caregiver. Four attachment styles exist: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized.

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

  • Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
  • Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Infants learn through sensory experiences and actions, developing object permanence.
  • Preoperational (2-7 years): Children use symbolic thought but have limitations in logical reasoning and understanding of others' perspectives.
  • Concrete operational (7-11 years): Children develop logical thinking about concrete events and understand conservation.
  • Formal operational (12+ years): Adolescents develop abstract and hypothetical thinking.
  • Piaget underestimated children's cognitive abilities, as some children exhibit cognitive advancement before the predicted stages.

Theory of Mind

  • Theory of mind is the ability to understand that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from one's own, crucial for social interactions and empathy.
  • Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible, typically developing in the sensorimotor stage.

Psychosocial Development (Erikson)

  • Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development, each characterized by a specific conflict that needs resolution.
  • These stages include Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, and Integrity vs. Despair.

Parenting Styles

  • Parenting styles are categorized based on responsiveness and demandingness.
  • Authoritative (high responsiveness, high demandingness), authoritarian (low responsiveness, high demandingness), permissive (high responsiveness, low demandingness), and neglectful (low responsiveness, low demandingness) are common styles.
  • Cultural implications exist where parenting styles impact psychological and emotional outcomes, such as self-esteem and social competence.

Health Psychology

  • Health psychology examines biological, psychological, and social factors influencing health and illness.
  • Main goals of health psychology include understanding how these factors interact, preventing illness, promoting healthy behaviors, and affecting healthcare policy.
  • The biopsychosocial model emphasizes the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors in health and illness, contrasting with the biomedical model.
  • Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive body fat and increased risk of various health problems.
  • BMI (Body Mass Index) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.

Stress

  • Stress is the body's response to perceived threats or challenges, categorized as acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
  • The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests there's an optimal level of arousal for performance.
  • Distress is negative stress leading to anxiety and depression.
  • Eustress is positive stress that can enhance motivation and performance.

Social Psychology

  • Group membership influences behavior, attitudes, and identity.
  • Ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination frequently emerge.
  • Interdependence and shared identity are factors in group formation.
  • The outgroup homogeneity effect is the tendency to perceive outgroup members as more similar than ingroup members.
  • Social identity theory suggests that individuals derive part of their identity from groups to which they belong.
  • Social facilitation describes the tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks in the presence of others.
  • Deindividuation is a state where individuals lose self-awareness and personal responsibility in a group setting.
  • Group polarization is the tendency for group discussions to lead to more extreme positions compared to initial individual viewpoints.
  • Groupthink occurs when the desire for harmony in a group leads to poor decision-making.

Compliance and Aggression

  • Compliance strategies, such as the foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face techniques, are ways to influence others' agreement with requests.
  • Aggression is behavior intended to harm another individual, influenced by various factors.
  • Helping behavior involves actions that benefit others, often motivated by factors such as empathy, social norms, or personal gain.

Attitudes and Persuasion

  • Attitudes are evaluations of people, ideas, or objects.
  • Mere exposure effect describes the preference for familiar things.
  • Explicit attitudes are consciously held, while implicit attitudes are unconscious.
  • Cognitive dissonance is discomfort arising from conflicting beliefs or behaviors.
  • Persuasion involves changing attitudes or behaviors through communication.

Attributions and Social Biases

  • Attributional dimensions involve internal vs external, stable vs unstable, controllable vs uncontrollable factors influencing behavior.
  • The fundamental attribution error is overemphasizing personal characteristics and ignoring situational factors.
  • Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are negative generalizations and behaviors towards groups.
  • Intergroup contact, cooperation, and education are ways to reduce prejudice and discrimination.
  • The halo effect is the tendency to attribute positive characteristics to attractive individuals.

Personality

  • The five-factor model (OCEAN) describes personality using five dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
  • Biological and environmental factors influence personality, including genetics, brain structure, neurotransmitters, and life experiences.
  • Temperaments are biologically based tendencies to feel or act in specific ways.
  • Freud's theory of personality includes three components: id, ego, and superego.
  • Key personality theories include those of Anna Freud and Abraham Maslow.
  • Concepts like self-actualization and measures like projective and objective tests are essential in understanding and assessing personality.

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Description

Explore the fascinating field of developmental psychology, focusing on human changes throughout life. This quiz covers critical periods, brain development, teratogens, infant visual preferences, and attachment styles. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence human growth and behavior.

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