Infant Development Psychology

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What differentiates primary emotions from secondary emotions?

Primary emotions are influenced by cognitive appraisal, while secondary are not.

Primary emotions include complex feelings like guilt and pride.

Primary emotions are basic feelings like happiness and sadness. (correct)

Primary emotions are related to social interactions while secondary are not.

Which of the following best describes the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion?

Emotions manifest independently of any bodily changes.

Emotions are solely the result of physiological responses.

Emotions arise from the simultaneous occurrence of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. (correct)

Emotions are determined entirely by environmental stimuli.

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

It places too much focus on emotional reasoning.

It does not account for moral development in non-Western cultures.

It ignores the importance of care and compassion in moral judgments. (correct)

It underrepresents the role of justice in moral reasoning.

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, how does arousal affect performance?

Performance is improved at moderate levels of arousal. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of intrinsic motivation?

Driven by the enjoyment or satisfaction derived from the activity itself. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of separation anxiety in infants?

A baby crying when a parent leaves the room. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development focuses on learning through sensory interaction?

Sensorimotor Stage Signup and view all the answers

What does the preferential looking technique indicate about infants?

Infants spend more time looking at smiling faces than at blank shapes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of dynamic systems theory in infant development?

Studying the integration of various motor skills to achieve actions. Signup and view all the answers

How do infants demonstrate visual and auditory acuity?

By seeing objects best that are 8-12 inches from their face. Signup and view all the answers

What does the study of Harlow's 'contact comfort' primarily highlight?

The emotional bond preferred over physical sustenance. Signup and view all the answers

What does object permanence refer to in infant cognitive development?

Knowing that hidden toys still exist. Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by the baby being upset when a parent leaves but comforted upon return?

Secure Attachment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infant Development

Developmental Psychology focuses on how children learn over time, including language acquisition.
Teratogens like cigarette smoke can negatively affect a developing fetus, leading to low birth weight.
Dynamic Systems Theory explains infant development as a combination of various skills, and how they emerge.
Newborn Reflexes are crucial for survival; e.g., the rooting reflex helps find a nipple.
Preferential Looking Technique shows infants’ visual preferences, for example, faces over other shapes.
Infants have limited visual acuity, best focusing on objects 8-12 inches away.
Memory starts developing in infancy and plays a role in later life; recognized toys, for instance.
Harlow's study demonstrates the importance of "contact comfort" to infants, even more so compared to food, evidenced by monkeys.
Separation anxiety is common as infants develop attachment to caregivers.
Attachment Styles consist of secure (comforted upon return) and insecure (avoidant/ambivalent responses).
The Strange Situation Test helps evaluate infant attachment by observing reactions to parent separation and return.

Cognitive Development

Piaget's Stages of cognitive development describe distinct stages of thinking:
- Sensorimotor (birth-2): Learning through sensory interaction.
- Preoperational (2-7): Symbolic thinking but egocentric.
- Concrete Operational (7-12): Logical thinking on tangible objects.
- Formal Operational (12+): Abstract and theoretical reasoning.
Assimilation involves fitting new information into existing mental frameworks.
Accommodation involves adapting existing frameworks to new information.
Object Permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen.
Conservation shows understanding that quantities remain constant despite changes in form (volume or number).
Categorization involves grouping objects based on shared characteristics ("dogs" vs. "cats").
Egocentrism is the inability to see from another's perspective.
The Three Mountains Task assesses egocentrism, measuring a child’s ability perceive a scene from another's point of view.
Theory of Mind illustrates understanding that others have different beliefs and perspectives.
Criticisms of Piaget's theory include the possibility of underestimating children's cognitive capabilities.

Moral Development

Kohlberg's Stages of moral development outline stages of ethical reasoning:
- Preconventional: Avoiding punishment or seeking rewards.
- Conventional: Following rules and upholding social norms.
- Postconventional: Reasoning based on abstract ethical principles.
Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory point to its possible overemphasis on justice while neglecting other moral aspects (e.g., care).
Alzheimer’s Disease is marked by gradual and progressive memory loss.

Emotion

Circumplex Model visually represents emotions along dimensions like valence (positive/negative) and arousal (high/low).
Primary Emotions are basic feelings like happiness, sadness, and fear.
Secondary Emotions are more complex feelings, like guilt and pride.
Brain Structures involved in emotion include the amygdala, which processes fear responses.
Polygraphs measure physiological responses (e.g., heart rate) to infer deception.
Theories of Emotion:
- James-Lange: Emotion follows physiological response.
- Cannon-Bard: Emotion and physiological response occur simultaneously.
- Two-Factor: Emotion is a combination of arousal and its cognitive interpretation.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis suggests that facial expressions influence emotional experiences.
Universal Facial Expressions are common across cultures.
Guilt and Blushing illustrate emotional reactions influenced by actions.

Motivation

Motivation has four key aspects: energizing, directive, persistent, and strength changing.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs prioritizes needs, starting with basic (physiological) and progressing to higher-level needs (self-actualization).
Drives and Homeostasis demonstrate the body's balance-seeking nature.
Yerkes-Dodson Law highlights the optimal arousal level for performance enhancement.
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation contrasts internal joy (intrinsic) with external rewards (extrinsic) for actions.
Self-Regulation involves controlling behavior to reach goals, also known as "hot cognition."
Overeating can be influenced by the sensory-specific satiety effect.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the fascinating aspects of infant development in this quiz. Learn about critical topics such as language acquisition, the effects of teratogens, and attachment styles. Test your knowledge on how various factors influence the growth and learning processes in infants.