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Questions and Answers
Research suggests that early sexual activity is considered beneficial for both boys and girls.
Research suggests that early sexual activity is considered beneficial for both boys and girls.
False
Boys in adolescence tend to focus on emotional intelligence and relationship management.
Boys in adolescence tend to focus on emotional intelligence and relationship management.
False
Adulthood generally shows a decline in gender-specific behaviors.
Adulthood generally shows a decline in gender-specific behaviors.
True
Parents of adolescents with less education have more control over their children's behavior.
Parents of adolescents with less education have more control over their children's behavior.
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There is a significant connection between early sexual activity and childhood abuse.
There is a significant connection between early sexual activity and childhood abuse.
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Boys tend to behave more aggressively than girls.
Boys tend to behave more aggressively than girls.
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Sex and gender are considered the same concepts.
Sex and gender are considered the same concepts.
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Girls have more issues with emotional regulation compared to boys.
Girls have more issues with emotional regulation compared to boys.
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Simon Lavay's research found no structural differences in the hypothalamus between straight and gay men.
Simon Lavay's research found no structural differences in the hypothalamus between straight and gay men.
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Gender identity refers to how a person demonstrates gender based on traditional roles.
Gender identity refers to how a person demonstrates gender based on traditional roles.
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Young children can recognize their gender at the age of 3.
Young children can recognize their gender at the age of 3.
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The differences between males and females are significant enough to suggest that nurture solely determines behavior.
The differences between males and females are significant enough to suggest that nurture solely determines behavior.
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Early sexual activity in teens is linked to unconventional attitudes about morals.
Early sexual activity in teens is linked to unconventional attitudes about morals.
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Epigenetics studies how genes are affected by the environment.
Epigenetics studies how genes are affected by the environment.
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The embryonic stage of development lasts from the 3rd week to the 8th week.
The embryonic stage of development lasts from the 3rd week to the 8th week.
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The Germinal period occurs between weeks 14 and 20 of prenatal development.
The Germinal period occurs between weeks 14 and 20 of prenatal development.
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Myelination is a process that occurs during the fetal stage of development.
Myelination is a process that occurs during the fetal stage of development.
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Teratogens have the greatest impact during the fetal stage.
Teratogens have the greatest impact during the fetal stage.
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Methylation refers to the activation of genes through protein interaction.
Methylation refers to the activation of genes through protein interaction.
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All babies are male at conception unless testosterone is present.
All babies are male at conception unless testosterone is present.
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Bilingual brains have fewer synapses compared to monolingual brains.
Bilingual brains have fewer synapses compared to monolingual brains.
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Amniocentesis is a medical test performed within the first 2 weeks of pregnancy.
Amniocentesis is a medical test performed within the first 2 weeks of pregnancy.
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Chomsky proposed the idea of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) to explain language development.
Chomsky proposed the idea of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) to explain language development.
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Telegraphic speech consists of simple one-word phrases.
Telegraphic speech consists of simple one-word phrases.
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According to Freud, all childhood memories are troubling and should be repressed.
According to Freud, all childhood memories are troubling and should be repressed.
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Cognitive development can be significantly influenced by environmental factors such as socioeconomic status.
Cognitive development can be significantly influenced by environmental factors such as socioeconomic status.
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Jean Piaget believed that adult minds possess a greater quantity of knowledge compared to children's minds.
Jean Piaget believed that adult minds possess a greater quantity of knowledge compared to children's minds.
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The critical period for language development means learning is impossible after it has passed.
The critical period for language development means learning is impossible after it has passed.
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Scaffolding involves more advanced children helping their peers with learning.
Scaffolding involves more advanced children helping their peers with learning.
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Adoptive parents can form an equally strong bond with their children as biological parents.
Adoptive parents can form an equally strong bond with their children as biological parents.
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Breast milk has no immune supporters for infants.
Breast milk has no immune supporters for infants.
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All humans are genetically programmed to know how to stand up.
All humans are genetically programmed to know how to stand up.
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Prolonged emotional neglect has no impact on brain development in infants.
Prolonged emotional neglect has no impact on brain development in infants.
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Infants tend to look away if their mother is displaying a cranky mood.
Infants tend to look away if their mother is displaying a cranky mood.
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Environment plays no role in motor skill development.
Environment plays no role in motor skill development.
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The 'Strange Situation Study' by Mary Ainsworth focuses on a child's temperament.
The 'Strange Situation Study' by Mary Ainsworth focuses on a child's temperament.
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Girls tend to have better gross motor skills than boys by age 10.
Girls tend to have better gross motor skills than boys by age 10.
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Researchers found that babies prefer the character that helps another character in a puppet show.
Researchers found that babies prefer the character that helps another character in a puppet show.
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Easy babies are characterized by irregular sleeping and hunger patterns.
Easy babies are characterized by irregular sleeping and hunger patterns.
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There are four stages in Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development theory.
There are four stages in Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development theory.
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Attachment styles in infants are influenced solely by biological factors.
Attachment styles in infants are influenced solely by biological factors.
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Children with a secure attachment demonstrate greater resilience and curiosity as they reach preschool.
Children with a secure attachment demonstrate greater resilience and curiosity as they reach preschool.
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The ability to walk alone typically develops at 15 months.
The ability to walk alone typically develops at 15 months.
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The critical stage of development means that skills can't be learned without proper readiness.
The critical stage of development means that skills can't be learned without proper readiness.
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Slow-to-warm-up babies adapt quickly to new situations and experiences.
Slow-to-warm-up babies adapt quickly to new situations and experiences.
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology
- Developmental psychology studies how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout their lifespan.
- Age is a confounding variable in psychological studies.
- The continuity view suggests development is gradual and smooth.
- The discontinuity view proposes development is in distinct stages.
- Heritability investigates the influence of genetics on behavior or traits.
- Environmentability explores the impact of environment and culture on behavior or traits.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Stanley Hall and Sigmund Freud proposed that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
- Behavioral genetics is a study, which explores this idea.
- Some environmentalists argue that experiences shape people in a tabula rasa.
- Genotype refers to the genetic makeup (DNA, genes, chromosomes) of an individual.
- Epigenetics studies how the environment affects gene activity.
- Maturationism posits that development is primarily driven by genetic instructions, with the environment playing a secondary role.
Phenotype and Prenatal Development
- Phenotype describes the observable traits of an individual.
- Dominant and recessive genes influence traits.
- Polygenic traits are controlled by multiple genes.
- Epigenetics examines external factors that affect gene activity.
- Methylation is a process by which gene expression is turned off due to protein interaction.
- Prenatal environment significantly affects mental health.
- The placenta acts as a filter for oxygen and nutrients.
- The germinal period is the first two weeks of prenatal development.
- The embryonic stage (3rd to 8th week) is characterized by rapid growth and development of organs.
- The fetal stage (final 7 months) involves growth and maturation of body systems.
- Teratogens are harmful prenatal substances that can cause birth defects.
- Maternal stress hormones can alter gene expression.
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is caused by heavy maternal alcohol consumption.
Infancy and Childhood
- Babies can exhibit complex behaviors, like "faking cries."
- Babies have an enormous number of neurons and synapses that prune over time.
- Infants show reflex actions, like sucking and rooting.
- Children's physical development involves gross motor skills (walking) and fine motor skills (grasping) milestones.
- Infants have a preferred food source, being mothers' milk.
- Children's language development evolves rapidly.
- Children's language is learned by interacting with environment.
- Different parenting approaches may promote development in different ways.
- Early childhood experiences can lead to issues later in life.
Middle Childhood
- Body growth is rapid, with motor skills improving.
- Girls and boys usually match or exceed growth, but boys typically have better gross motor skills, and girls have better fine motor skills.
- Environmental influences play a role in child development.
- At this age, children are more able to understand concepts and develop their abilities.
Moral Development and Language
- Moral development involves understanding concepts of right and wrong.
- Language development involves various stages according to different theories.
- Chomsky proposed the language acquisition device (LAD).
- Early language development includes cooing, babbling, and holophrases.
- Later development includes telegraphic speech and whole sentences.
Memory in Children
- Children's memories can be influenced by various factors including the memory system development.
- Freud believed repressed memories were the foundation of human behaviors.
- Psychologists disagree on what triggers repressed memories.
- Children may have implicit memories that are difficult to recall.
Mental Development
- Environmental factors like SES play a significant role in cognitive development.
- Vygotsky highlighted the social interaction in cognitive development.
- A critical period exists in early development where certain skills must be developed (visual cortex, language, etc).
- Sensitive periods are gradual and learning can be still possible after.
Adolescence
- Adolescence involves physical, social, emotional, and intellectual changes.
- Puberty is a defining change.
- Adolescents can face emotional distress and social issues.
- Intimacy and relationships are more critical for development in this stage.
- Peer influence increases during this time; parents play a critical role.
Social and Emotional Development
- Emotional development includes controlling emotions, managing conflicts, and responding to others.
- Parenting styles affect child development, with different approaches (permissive, authoritative, authoritarian, etc.) having varying impacts.
- Attachment styles are significant for emotional regulation.
- Babies have rich emotional lives from birth, and neglect can have profound effects.
Adult Development
- Adult development includes intimate relationships, parenthood, work, and aging.
- Marriage can affect marital satisfaction and parenting behaviors, but can increase in some aspects.
- Social interaction and relationships play vital roles at different developmental stages.
- Physical abilities and cognitive function change as people age.
- Some illnesses and negative factors may occur with age.
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Description
Explore the key concepts in developmental psychology, including the nature vs. nurture debate. This quiz covers important theories about human growth, genetic influences, and environmental impacts on behavior. Test your knowledge of how psychological development occurs across the lifespan.
