Developmental Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which parenting style exhibits high levels of responsiveness and demandingness?

  • Authoritative (correct)
  • Neglectful
  • Permissive
  • Authoritarian

    • Individuals with avoidant attachment are known for being:

  • Extremely trusting and easily forming deep emotional connections.
  • Discomfortable with closeness and using avoidance strategies to maintain distance. (correct)
  • Highly sensitive to rejection and constantly seeking reassurance.
  • Comfortable with intimacy and forming strong attachments.

    • What is a key indicator of self-awareness in young children?

  • Being able to name their emotions and express them verbally.
  • Engaging in imaginative play, such as role-playing or pretend scenarios.
  • Developing a sense of humor and understanding jokes.
  • The ability to recognize themselves in a mirror. (correct)

    • Which characteristic is NOT directly associated with attachment deprivation effects?

    <p>Enhanced social skills and empathy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do individuals typically develop a self-concept?

    <p>Around the age of 12. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary conflict that adolescents often face according to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

    <p>Identity vs. Role Confusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, what is the primary focus of older adults' emotional regulation strategy?

    <p>Maximizing positive emotional experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the telomeres of chromosomes contribute to aging?

    <p>Telomeres shorten with age, making cells more susceptible to damage and death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these features is NOT a characteristic of emerging adulthood?

    <p>Financial Stability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does collectivist culture typically approach identity development in children?

    <p>Emphasizing dependence on family and conformity to traditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, what stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to understand conservation?

    <p>Concrete operational (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which existing schemas are adjusted or modified to incorporate new experiences?

    <p>Accommodation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these scenarios is NOT a demonstration of the concept of object permanence?

    <p>A baby cries when their parent leaves the room. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cognitive development, what does the term 'scaffolding' refer to?

    <p>The gradual process of building up a child's understanding through assistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development?

    <p>Vygotsky emphasizes the role of social interaction, while Piaget focuses on individual exploration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive ability allows children to understand that a person's beliefs may differ from their own, even if those beliefs are incorrect?

    <p>Theory of mind (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, what is the defining characteristic of the preoperational stage?

    <p>The ability to use symbols and represent schemas with language and imagery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency for pre-schoolers to struggle to see situations from another person's perspective?

    <p>Egocentrism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key difference between Piaget's theory and modern research on cognitive development?

    <p>Modern research suggests that development is less continuous and more stage-like than Piaget believed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of how infants demonstrate basic understanding of physics?

    <p>A baby looks longer at an impossible event, such as a ball passing through a solid object. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason behind the observed rise in IQ scores across generations, as explained by the Flynn effect?

    <p>Improvements in education, nutrition, and problem-solving experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, how does the brain's structure relate to intelligence?

    <p>Efficient connections between brain regions are important for intelligence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of intellectual disability?

    <p>A decline in cognitive abilities due to aging. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of grouping students based on their aptitude levels?

    <p>It reinforces existing social inequalities and creates a self-fulfilling prophecy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which of the following statements about IQ stability is TRUE?

    <p>IQ scores become increasingly stable after age 11, with minimal changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the decline in prospective memory in older adults?

    <p>Older adults have difficulty remembering to perform tasks without a trigger. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the eight intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner?

    <p>Emotional intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the difference between fluid intelligence (Gf) and crystallized intelligence (Gc)?

    <p>Gf is the ability to reason speedily and abstractly, while Gc is accumulated knowledge and skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an early sign of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Diminishing smell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of acetylcholine in the brain, and how does its decline affect Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Acetylcholine is involved in memory and learning; its decline leads to memory deterioration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about the effects of exercise on aging?

    <p>Exercise is detrimental to neurogenesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible factor that can lead to dementia (neurocognitive disorder)?

    <p>Brain tumor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines 'general intelligence (g factor)' according to Spearman's theory?

    <p>A single underlying intelligence that influences performance in all cognitive areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the content, how does the aging brain compensate for areas of decline?

    <p>By activating additional brain areas for memory and learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Savant syndrome?

    <p>Outstanding talent in a specific domain, such as music or mathematics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of aptitude tests?

    <p>To predict an individual's potential for future learning and success. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction between the Stanford-Binet test and Alfred Binet's original intelligence test?

    <p>The Stanford-Binet test was designed to measure intelligence across a wider age range, while Binet's original test focused on children. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following principles of test construction refers to the consistency of scores when a test is retaken?

    <p>Reliability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of internal consistency as a form of reliability?

    <p>Dividing the test into two halves and assessing the consistency of scores between them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of intelligence testing, what is meant by "restricted range"?

    <p>A group of test-takers with a limited range of intelligence scores. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle of test construction?

    <p>Accessibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of "mental age"?

    <p>The average cognitive ability of individuals at a particular chronological age. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?

    <p>Emotional intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a test with predictive validity?

    <p>A college entrance exam that accurately predicts a student's future academic success. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term "IQ" in the context of intelligence testing?

    <p>It is a standardized score that measures an individual's overall intelligence level. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cross-Sectional Study

    • Compares different age groups at the same time
    • Less expensive and easier to conduct
    • Cohort effect: a bias introduced by comparing people from different time periods

    Longitudinal Study

    • Repeatedly tests the same participants over time
    • Expensive and challenging to maintain participant groups
    • Expensive and difficult to retain participants

    Sequential Study

    • Repeatedly tests many different age groups over time
    • Combines the strengths of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

    Prenatal Development

    • Impacted by genes and environment
    • Fetus responds to sound at 6 months
    • Baby communication: gaze, suck, turn head, and habituate

    Cognitive Development (Piaget)

    • Focuses on how thinking develops
    • Covers various stages from infancy to adulthood

    Kohlberg moral development

    • Moral reasoning progresses throughout life, impacted by cognitive development

    Erikson psychosocial development

    • Development occurs across life stages, with specific challenges at each
    • Covers issues of identity, relationships and social roles

    Infant Learning Skills

    • Procedural memories (motor skills)

    Cognitive Development (Piaget) - Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)

    • Infants understand the world through senses and actions
    • Develop object permanence around 8 months (understanding that objects exist even when not seen)

    Cognitive Development (Piaget) - Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

    • Symbolic thought develops
    • Egocentrism - difficulty understanding others' perspectives
    • Conservation - understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance

    Cognitive Development (Piaget) - Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

    • Logical reasoning about concrete (physical) objects develops
    • Conservation

    Cognitive Development (Piaget) - Formal Operational Stage (12+ years)

    • Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thought develop

    Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

    • Child development is a social process, with culture playing a major role
    • Cognitive development occurs within a zone of proximal development - the difference between what a learner can do independently and with guidance

    Attachment Styles

    • Secure attachment: developed with sensitive, responsive caregivers
    • Insecure attachment (anxious and avoidant): developed with inconsistent or unresponsive caregivers

    Intelligence

    • Defined as the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and adapt to new situations
    • Includes various theories (Spearman's g factor, Thurstone's primary mental abilities, and Gardner's multiple intelligences).

    Measuring Intelligence

    • Intelligence tests (Stanford-Binet, WAIS) assess cognitive abilities like reasoning and problem-solving

    Aging and Intelligence

    • Negative emotions tend to decrease with age
    • People retain the ability to learn new things, although recall may become more difficult
    • Wisdom tends to increase with age

    Motivation and Emotions

    • Instinctive patterns of behaviour and how they are rooted
    • Drive reduction theory of motivation; homeostasis
    • Optimal arousal theory; Yerkes-Dodson law
    • Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs

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    Description

    Explore key concepts in developmental psychology with this quiz. Delve into cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential studies, as well as prenatal and cognitive development stages. Learn about significant theories from Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson.

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