Developmental Psychology - Key Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the systematic changes and continuities in an individual from conception to death?

Development

What is the term for the growth of the body and its organs, as well as the functioning of physiological systems?

Physical Development

What type of development refers to changes and continuities in mental processes?

Cognitive Development

What type of development involves changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects?

<p>Psychosocial development</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'growth' refers to the physical changes that occur only during childhood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the deterioration of organisms that leads to death?

<p>Biological Aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects the process of biological development?

<p>Rapid growth in early life, followed by relative stability, and declines in later adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the transitional period between adolescence and adulthood, typically spanning from 18 to 25 years?

<p>Emerging Adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What period of development spans from conception to birth?

<p>Prenatal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first month of life called?

<p>Neonatal/Newborn period</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period from 2 to 5 years called?

<p>Preschool period</p> Signup and view all the answers

What period of development lasts from 6 to about 10 years, or until puberty?

<p>Middle childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of development that spans approximately 10 to 18 years, or from puberty to relative independence?

<p>Adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of development from 25 to 40 years, characterized by establishing adult roles?

<p>Early adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What period of development spans from 40 to 65 years?

<p>Middle adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What period of development begins at 65 years of age and beyond, with potential subcategories based on functioning?

<p>Late adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a marker of emerging adulthood?

<p>Strong sense of belonging and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an objective marker of adulthood?

<p>Financial independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the shared understanding and way of life of a people?

<p>Culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a socially defined age group in a society, with associated statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities?

<p>Age grade</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines what people should and should not do at different points in the lifespan?

<p>Age norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to a person's sense of timing for life events, based on age norms?

<p>Social clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for people's affiliation with a group based on common heritage or traditions?

<p>Race and ethnicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an individual's standing in society based on indicators such as occupational prestige, education, and income?

<p>Socioeconomic status (SES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the debate surrounding how biological forces and environmental forces interact to shape development?

<p>Nature-nurture issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the biological unfolding of an individual as dictated by genes?

<p>Maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the external physical and social conditions, stimuli, and events that influence development?

<p>Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Developmental changes are influenced by the interplay of nature and nurture, but these forces are separate and unrelated.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the perspective that views human development as ongoing throughout the lifespan?

<p>Life-span perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the key assumptions of the life-span perspective?

<p>Development is unidirectional</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the life-span perspective mean when it states that development is a 'lifelong process'?

<p>We change throughout the lifespan, and development in any period is best understood in the context of the whole lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the life-span perspective mean when it states that development is 'multidirectional'?

<p>Different aspects of functioning have different trajectories of change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the life-span perspective mean when it states that development involves 'both gains and losses'?

<p>Gain and loss occur jointly throughout the lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the life-span perspective mean when it states that development is characterized by 'lifelong plasticity'?

<p>The aging process can take many forms depending on the individual's environment and experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the capacity of change in response to experience throughout the lifespan?

<p>Plasticity and neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the life-span perspective mean when it states that development is 'shaped by its historical-cultural context'?

<p>Development is shaped by how our lives play out over the social contexts and historical times in which we develop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the life-span perspective mean when it states that 'development is multiply influenced'?

<p>Development is the product of both nature and nurture, and their interplay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the life-span perspective mean when it states that 'development is multidisciplinary'?

<p>The understanding of development will only come when many disciplines join forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the design in which the performances of people of different cohorts are compared, each cohort representing a different age group?

<p>Cross-sectional design</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a group of individuals born within a specified span of years, often a generation?

<p>Cohorts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the relationships between age and an aspect of development?

<p>Age effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the effects of being born as a member of a particular cohort in a particular historical context?

<p>Cohort effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations of cross-sectional studies?

<p>They tell us how different cohorts differ, but not necessarily how people normally age. They only observe each person at one point, not how individuals change with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What design repeatedly assesses the same cohort of individuals over time, as they develop?

<p>Longitudinal designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of longitudinal designs?

<p>They provide information about age changes rather than age differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations of longitudinal designs?

<p>It is centered on one cohort of individuals only, so it may not be generalizable. It is costly, time-consuming, participants may drop out or become outdated, and the findings may be time-bound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the effects of historical events and trends occurring when data are collected?

<p>Time-of-measurement effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches to examine age effects, cohort effects, and time-of-measurement effects?

<p>Sequential Designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the disadvantages of sequential designs?

<p>They are complex, time-consuming, and expensive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does WEIRD stand for, and what does it refer to?

<p>Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic, a term used to describe a group of people who share these characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the belief that one's own group and its culture are superior?

<p>Ethnocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the debate regarding whether developmental changes are continuous or discontinuous?

<p>Continuity-discontinuity issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the argument for continuity in development?

<p>Human development as a process occurring in small steps, seeing quantitative changes in degree or amount.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for theories that lay out a sequence of distinct phases of development, each characterized by specific abilities, motives, emotions, or behaviors?

<p>Stage Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the debate concerning whether developmental changes are universal or specific to certain contexts?

<p>Universality-context specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is modern evolutionary psychology, and how does it contribute to the study of development?

<p>It looks to the evolution of the human species for explanations of why humans are as they are and develop as they do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social learning theory, and how does it explain development?

<p>Emphasises the importance of observational learning and sees development as boiling down to learning, without stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive-developmental theory, and how does it approach development?

<p>A detailed stage theory of cognitive development, proposing stages such as sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for theories that view development as occurring within a dynamic system, with nature and nurture constantly influencing each other?

<p>Systems theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bioecological model, and how does it explain development?

<p>Development is embedded in a series of environmental systems, including microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, and macrosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the immediate physical and social environment in which a person interacts face-to-face with other people?

<p>Microsystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the interrelationships between two or more microsystems?

<p>Meosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the social settings that individuals do not experience directly but that can still influence their development?

<p>Exosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the larger cultural or societal context in which the person and various microsystems are embedded?

<p>Macroystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the idea that people, their environments, and the relations between the two change over time?

<p>Chronosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Psychology - Key Concepts

  • Development encompasses systematic changes and continuities in individuals from conception to death, encompassing physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects.

  • Physical Development involves the growth of the body and its organs, and the functioning of physiological systems.

  • Cognitive Development refers to changes and continuities in mental processes.

  • Psychosocial Development focuses on the changes and consistencies in personal and interpersonal aspects.

  • Growth describes the physical changes from conception to maturity.

  • Biological Aging involves the deterioration of organisms, leading to death. Biological development includes growth, stability, and decline across lifespan.

  • Emerging Adulthood (18-25 years, sometimes 29) is a transitional period between adolescence and adulthood, characterized by exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling "in between", and a feeling of limitless possibilities.

  • Prenatal Period spans from conception to birth.

Developmental Periods

  • Infancy covers the first two years of life.
  • Neonatal/Newborn period is the first month of life.
  • Preschool period (2-5 years)
  • Middle childhood (6-10 years, or until puberty).
  • Adolescence (approx. 10-18 years).
  • Early adulthood (25-40 years): Adult roles are established.
  • Middle adulthood (40-65 years).
  • Late adulthood (65+ years); includes subcategories based on functioning.

Markers of Adulthood

  • Objective Markers: Completing education, financial independence, leaving home, marriage, and parenthood.

Concepts Influencing Development

  • Culture: Shared understanding and lifestyle of a people influencing development.
  • Age Grade: Socially defined age categories with statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities in a society (e.g., bar mitzvah, quinceañera).
  • Age Norms: Guidelines dictating acceptable behaviors at various life stages.
  • Social Clock: Individual's personal sense of appropriate timing for life events guided by age norms.

Diversity in Development

  • Race and Ethnicity: People's affiliation based on heritage and tradition.
  • Socioeconomic Status (SES): Social standing based on occupational prestige, education, and income.

Development Across Time

  • Age and Development through History: Acknowledging historical, cultural, and subcultural context.

Nature vs. Nurture

  • Nature-Nurture Issue: Interaction of biological and environmental influences.
  • Nature: Heredity, maturation, genes, innate predispositions.
  • Nurture: Environment, learning, experience, cultural influences. Development involves the interplay of both.
  • Maturation: Biological unfolding as dictated by genes.

Life-Span Perspective

  • Life-Span Perspective: Emphasizes development across the entire lifespan, not just to maturity.
  • 7 Key Assumptions:
    • Development is lifelong.
    • Development is multidirectional.
    • Development involves both gains and losses.
    • Development is characterized by plasticity (adaptability).
    • Development is shaped by its historical-cultural context.
    • Development is multiply influenced.
    • Development demands an interdisciplinary approach.

Research Designs

  • Cross-Sectional Design: Comparing different cohorts (age groups). Reveals age differences but not necessarily change.
  • Cohort Effects: Impacts of being born into a particular cohort.
  • Longitudinal Design: Tracking one cohort over time. Shows age changes, but can be impacted by time-of-measurement effects.
  • Time-of-measurement Effects: Effects of events occurring during data collection.
  • Sequential Design: Combining cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches. Allows for studying age, cohort, and time-of-measurement factors, but is complex and expensive.

Important Theories

  • Stage Theories: Suggest development happens in distinct stages.
    • Freud, Piaget: Examples of stage theorists.
  • Social Learning Theory: Emphasizes observational learning and continuous learning, though outcomes may vary.
  • Cognitive-Developmental Theory Describes stages of cognitive development.
  • Systems Theories: Emphasize the interaction of nature and nurture within an interconnected system of factors (nature/nurture).
  • Bioecological Model: Explains development as occurring within nested environmental systems (microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, macrosystems, and chronosystems).

Key Terms

  • Microsystem: Immediate, face-to-face interactions.

  • Mesosystem: Interrelationships between microsystems.

  • Exosystem: External social settings that indirectly affect the individual.

  • Macrosystem: Larger cultural and societal contexts.

  • Chronosystem: Change over time in relationships and environments.

  • WEIRD: Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic (A common bias in research).

  • Ethnocentrism: Belief in the superiority of one's own group and culture.

  • Continuity-Discontinuity Issue: Whether development is gradual or abrupt.

  • Continuity: Gradual quantitative changes.

  • Discontinuity: Abrupt qualitative changes.

  • Universality-Context Specificity: Whether development is similar across all contexts or varies across cultures.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of developmental psychology, examining how individuals grow and change from conception through old age. This quiz covers physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development, along with the stages of growth and the impact of biological aging. Test your understanding of these key ideas in human development.

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