Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the placenta in relation to the fetus?
What is the primary function of the placenta in relation to the fetus?
- It directly circulates the mother's blood to the fetus.
- It acts as a barrier to prevent infections.
- It takes over the role of the kidneys in filtering blood.
- It provides nutrients and oxygen while removing waste. (correct)
Which structure allows oxygen-rich blood to flow from the placenta to the fetus?
Which structure allows oxygen-rich blood to flow from the placenta to the fetus?
- Foramen ovale
- Ductus arteriosus
- Umbilical vein (correct)
- Umbilical arteries
What role do the umbilical arteries play in fetal circulation?
What role do the umbilical arteries play in fetal circulation?
- They deliver oxygen-rich blood to the placenta.
- They carry deoxygenated blood away from the fetus. (correct)
- They filter toxins from the fetal blood.
- They connect the fetus directly to the mother's heart.
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal development?
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal development?
What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?
What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?
What can trigger Reyes syndrome in children recovering from a viral illness?
What can trigger Reyes syndrome in children recovering from a viral illness?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Reyes syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Reyes syndrome?
What does the presence of elevated liver enzymes indicate in a child suspected of having Reyes syndrome?
What does the presence of elevated liver enzymes indicate in a child suspected of having Reyes syndrome?
What aspect of Reyes syndrome emphasizes the need for early recognition and treatment?
What aspect of Reyes syndrome emphasizes the need for early recognition and treatment?
Which of the following best describes Reyes syndrome?
Which of the following best describes Reyes syndrome?
Which behavioral sign might be observed in a child with Reyes syndrome?
Which behavioral sign might be observed in a child with Reyes syndrome?
What is the role of education in managing Reyes syndrome?
What is the role of education in managing Reyes syndrome?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the symptoms associated with Reyes syndrome?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the symptoms associated with Reyes syndrome?
What is the primary role of the Ductus Venosus in fetal circulation?
What is the primary role of the Ductus Venosus in fetal circulation?
How does blood return to the placenta from the fetus?
How does blood return to the placenta from the fetus?
Which structure is primarily responsible for carrying oxygenated blood to the fetus?
Which structure is primarily responsible for carrying oxygenated blood to the fetus?
What happens to the blood after it reaches the placenta for re-oxygenation?
What happens to the blood after it reaches the placenta for re-oxygenation?
In fetal circulation, what role does the placenta play?
In fetal circulation, what role does the placenta play?
What is a common characteristic of seizures associated with a fever in children?
What is a common characteristic of seizures associated with a fever in children?
Which of the following is NOT related to febrile seizures?
Which of the following is NOT related to febrile seizures?
What age group is primarily at risk for febrile seizures?
What age group is primarily at risk for febrile seizures?
Which treatment is recommended for managing febrile seizures?
Which treatment is recommended for managing febrile seizures?
What should parents be educated to do in the event of a febrile seizure?
What should parents be educated to do in the event of a febrile seizure?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the postictal period in children experiencing febrile seizures?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the postictal period in children experiencing febrile seizures?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with febrile seizures?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with febrile seizures?
What is the main risk factor that differentiates febrile seizures from other seizure types?
What is the main risk factor that differentiates febrile seizures from other seizure types?
At what age does a child typically begin to show stranger anxiety?
At what age does a child typically begin to show stranger anxiety?
What developmental milestone is associated with being able to sit up without support?
What developmental milestone is associated with being able to sit up without support?
Which skill is typically observed at 10-12 months of age?
Which skill is typically observed at 10-12 months of age?
What indicates the development of object permanence in infants?
What indicates the development of object permanence in infants?
Around what age do infants typically begin to use simple words like 'dada'?
Around what age do infants typically begin to use simple words like 'dada'?
What does the term 'pincer grasp' refer to in infant development?
What does the term 'pincer grasp' refer to in infant development?
What is a typical behavior observed in infants when they are pulled to sit?
What is a typical behavior observed in infants when they are pulled to sit?
At what age do infants usually start crawling?
At what age do infants usually start crawling?
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Study Notes
Developmental Milestones (6-12 Months)
- Head leads the body when pulled to sit at 6 months
- Can sit up with support at 6 months
- Babbling begins at 6 months
- Stranger anxiety begins at 6 months
- Tripod sit at 6 months
- Sits without support at 8-9 months
- Crawling at 8-9 months
- Stands with pulling and holds onto objects at 8-9 months
- Pincer Grasp at 8-9 months
- Object Permanence (realizing that objects out of sight still exist) at 8-9 months
- Walking at 10-12 months
- Separation anxiety at 10-12 months
- Simple words like “dada” at 10-12 months
Reyes Syndrome
- Rare disease affecting young children recovering from a viral illness (flu or chicken pox)
- Exact cause unknown
- Triggered due to the intake of salicylates or salicylate-containing products such as aspirin to treat a viral illness
Signs and Symptoms (Reyes Syndrome)
- Encephalopathy/Cerebral Edema
- Acute Fatty Liver Failure
- Labs: ↑ Liver Enzymes (↑ AST, ↑ ALT)
- "CHILDS": Confusion, Irritability, Lethargy, Diarrhea & Vomiting, Seizures
Treatment (Reyes Syndrome)
- Not anticonvulsants
- Rectal Diazepam
- Educate parents to seek help if child has any symptoms
- Early recognition and treatment are crucial
Seizures Associated with Fever
- Seizures associated with a fever are not related to: intracranial infection, viral illness, or epilepsy
- Usually does NOT have long term complications such as intellectual disability
Risk Factors (Reyes Syndrome)
- 6 months - 5 years
- Rapidly developed fever
- High fever
Prevention (Reyes Syndrome)
- Educate on products that contain salicylates
Fetal Circulation
- Blood travels from the placenta through the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava
- The Ductus Venosus is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the liver
- The Foramen Ovale is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the lungs
- The Ductus Arteriosus is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the lungs
- The placenta is like "temporary lungs" for the fetus while in utero
- The umbilical cord consists of 2 umbilical arteries (take deoxygenated blood away to the placenta) and 1 umbilical vein (brings oxygen-rich blood to the fetus)
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