40 Questions
What percentage of infants and toddlers have GDD?
1-3%
What is often considered a 'placeholder' diagnosis for children too young to be diagnosed with an ID?
Global Developmental Delay (GDD)
What can social deprivation or severe economic hardship lead to in early childhood?
Early delays in motor, language, and cognitive development
What is recommended for infants with GDD to identify copy number variants in major regions of the genome?
Chromosomal microarray (CMA)
What is the approximate percentage of children with GDD who have an identifiable genetic disorder that explains their delays?
4%
What can CMA detect that G-banded karyotyping cannot?
Small repetitions or deletions of genetic material
What can cause delays in motor, language, and cognitive development in children?
Social deprivation or severe economic hardship
What is NOT a common genetic disorder that causes GDD?
Autism Spectrum Disorder
What is the purpose of self-injurious behaviours in some individuals?
To soothe themselves and relieve anxiety
What percentage of children with intellectual disabilities engage in self-injurious behaviours?
10-12%
What is the most common location where self-injurious behaviours are seen?
Institutional settings
What is the typical pattern of self-injurious behaviours?
Occurring in bouts or episodes several times a day
What is the term for behaviours that cause property destruction or harm to another person?
Physical aggression
What percentage of youths with intellectual disabilities show chronic problems with aggression?
20-25%
What is a common characteristic of physical aggression in individuals with intellectual disabilities?
Deliberate and intentional
Which of the following is a common trigger for self-injurious behaviours?
Environmental factors
What percentage of youths with GGD may have vision problems?
13-25%
What is the primary purpose of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of GGD?
To detect abnormalities like CNS malformation, cerebral atrophy, myelination problems, or cellular damage and lesions
What is the estimated percentage of youths with an ID that engage in challenging behaviors?
20-25%
What is the primary characteristic of stereotypies?
They are performed in a consistent, rigid, and repetitive manner
What is a potential consequence of challenging behaviors in individuals with ID?
Strained relationships and limited access to normal childhood experiences
What is a common comorbidity with GGD?
Both A and B
What is the term for repetitive behaviors that are not problematic unless they come to dominate the individual's behavior?
Repetitive behaviors
What is the estimated percentage of children with GDD that have hearing problems?
18%
What is a common consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure?
Increased risk of behavioral and learning problems
What is a characteristic feature of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?
Low intellectual functioning, learning disabilities, and craniofacial anomalies
What is a risk factor for Intellectual Disability (ID)?
Maternal hypertension during pregnancy
What is a consequence of premature birth and/or low birth weight?
Increased risk of cognitive problems
What is a symptom commonly associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?
Hyperactivity
What is a consequence of maternal diabetes during pregnancy?
Increased risk of anoxia and CNS damage
What is a characteristic of children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?
Most have borderline to low-average IQ scores
What is a risk factor for behavioral and learning problems in childhood?
Prenatal exposure to alcohol
What is the most critical period for fetal infection?
First trimester
Which virus is typically acquired through sexual contact?
Herpes 2 (HSV-2)
What is the primary way Zika virus is transmitted?
Through infected mosquitos
What is the effect of lead exposure on fetal development?
It can cause developmental disabilities
Why is it essential for pregnant women to consume enough calcium?
To prevent the body from substituting stored lead for calcium
What can happen to the fetus if the mother gets infected with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) for the first time during gestation?
The fetus can experience damage to the CNS, hearing loss, ID, and death
How can pregnant women prevent fetal transmission of Herpes 2 (HSV-2)?
By using antiviral meds and delivering by c-section
What is a common source of lead exposure for pregnant women?
All of the above
Study Notes
Global Developmental Delay (GDD)
- GDD is often considered a "placeholder" diagnosis for children too young to be diagnosed with Intellectual Disability (ID)
- Not all children with GDD have concurrent deficits in intellectual functioning; many earn scores within the average range
- Identification:
- 1-3% of infants and toddlers have GDD
- Physical exams and blood tests can help identify genetic disorders
- Chromosomal microarray (CMA) identifies copy number variants in major regions of the genome
- Most common genetic disorders causing GDD are Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, and subtle translocations or deletions of portions of the genome
- About 4% of children with GDD have an identifiable genetic disorder that explains their delays
Challenging Behaviors in Children with Developmental Disabilities
- About 25% of youths with ID engage in challenging behaviors
- Challenging behaviors can be physically harmful, strain relationships, limit access to normal childhood experiences, interfere with learning and cognitive development, and place a financial burden on the family and the public
- Types of challenging behaviors:
- Stereotypies: repetitive behaviors with no immediate practical significance
- Examples: repeated movements of hands, arms, or upper body; facial grimacing, face and head tapping, self-biting, and licking
- Especially common in youths with ID and autism
- Self-Injurious Behaviors (SIBs): repetitive movements that cause physical harm or damage
- Examples: head banging, self-biting/scratching
- 10-12% of children with IDs engage in SIBs, prevalence is directly related to intellectual and adaptive impairments
- Physical Aggression: behavior that causes property destruction or harm to another person
- Examples: throwing objects, breaking toys, hitting, kicking, and biting others
- 20-25% of youths with ID show chronic problems with aggression, most common among boys, children with comorbid autism, and youths with poor communication skills
- Stereotypies: repetitive behaviors with no immediate practical significance
Prenatal and Perinatal Problems Associated with Intellectual Disability
- Maternal infections during pregnancy:
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV): can cause damage to the fetus's CNS, hearing loss, ID, and death
- Herpes 2 (HSV-2): can cause damage to the CNS, blindness, seizures, and ID
- Zika virus: can cause severe damage to the developing CNS, microcephaly, cognitive impairment, and death
- Lead exposure:
- Lead is a neurotoxin that can cause developmental disabilities in children
- Fetuses are at risk if mother is exposed to lead during gestation
- Lead exposure can cause kidney damage, heart problems, and other metabolic issues
- Alcohol and other drugs:
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): associated with low intellectual functioning, learning disabilities, hyperactivity, slow physical growth, craniofacial anomalies, and cardiac problems
- Prevalence of FASD: approximately 1-3 per 1,000 live births
- Can occur from only 2-3 oz of alcohol per day of gestation
Perinatal and Postnatal Problems Associated with Intellectual Disability
- Complications with pregnancy and delivery:
- Maternal hypertension or uncontrolled diabetes
- Delivery complications that cause anoxia leading to CNS damage
- Premature birth and/or low birth weight:
- One of the greatest predictors of cognitive problems in children
Quiz on developmental delays in children, including GDD, ID, cerebral palsy, and impact of social deprivation and economic hardship.
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