Developmental Delays in Children
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of infants and toddlers have GDD?

  • 5-10%
  • 10-15%
  • 1-3% (correct)
  • 1-5%

    • What is often considered a 'placeholder' diagnosis for children too young to be diagnosed with an ID?

  • Intellectual Disability (ID)
  • Cerebral Palsy
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • Global Developmental Delay (GDD) (correct)

    • What can social deprivation or severe economic hardship lead to in early childhood?

  • Accelerated cognitive development
  • Enhanced problem-solving abilities
  • Early delays in motor, language, and cognitive development (correct)
  • Improved social skills

    • What is recommended for infants with GDD to identify copy number variants in major regions of the genome?

    <p>Chromosomal microarray (CMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of children with GDD who have an identifiable genetic disorder that explains their delays?

    <p>4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can CMA detect that G-banded karyotyping cannot?

    <p>Small repetitions or deletions of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause delays in motor, language, and cognitive development in children?

    <p>Social deprivation or severe economic hardship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a common genetic disorder that causes GDD?

    <p>Autism Spectrum Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of self-injurious behaviours in some individuals?

    <p>To soothe themselves and relieve anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children with intellectual disabilities engage in self-injurious behaviours?

    <p>10-12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common location where self-injurious behaviours are seen?

    <p>Institutional settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical pattern of self-injurious behaviours?

    <p>Occurring in bouts or episodes several times a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for behaviours that cause property destruction or harm to another person?

    <p>Physical aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of youths with intellectual disabilities show chronic problems with aggression?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of physical aggression in individuals with intellectual disabilities?

    <p>Deliberate and intentional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common trigger for self-injurious behaviours?

    <p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of youths with GGD may have vision problems?

    <p>13-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of GGD?

    <p>To detect abnormalities like CNS malformation, cerebral atrophy, myelination problems, or cellular damage and lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of youths with an ID that engage in challenging behaviors?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of stereotypies?

    <p>They are performed in a consistent, rigid, and repetitive manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of challenging behaviors in individuals with ID?

    <p>Strained relationships and limited access to normal childhood experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common comorbidity with GGD?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for repetitive behaviors that are not problematic unless they come to dominate the individual's behavior?

    <p>Repetitive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of children with GDD that have hearing problems?

    <p>18%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure?

    <p>Increased risk of behavioral and learning problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?

    <p>Low intellectual functioning, learning disabilities, and craniofacial anomalies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for Intellectual Disability (ID)?

    <p>Maternal hypertension during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of premature birth and/or low birth weight?

    <p>Increased risk of cognitive problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom commonly associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?

    <p>Hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of maternal diabetes during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased risk of anoxia and CNS damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?

    <p>Most have borderline to low-average IQ scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for behavioral and learning problems in childhood?

    <p>Prenatal exposure to alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most critical period for fetal infection?

    <p>First trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is typically acquired through sexual contact?

    <p>Herpes 2 (HSV-2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way Zika virus is transmitted?

    <p>Through infected mosquitos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lead exposure on fetal development?

    <p>It can cause developmental disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for pregnant women to consume enough calcium?

    <p>To prevent the body from substituting stored lead for calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to the fetus if the mother gets infected with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) for the first time during gestation?

    <p>The fetus can experience damage to the CNS, hearing loss, ID, and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can pregnant women prevent fetal transmission of Herpes 2 (HSV-2)?

    <p>By using antiviral meds and delivering by c-section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source of lead exposure for pregnant women?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Global Developmental Delay (GDD)

    • GDD is often considered a "placeholder" diagnosis for children too young to be diagnosed with Intellectual Disability (ID)
    • Not all children with GDD have concurrent deficits in intellectual functioning; many earn scores within the average range
    • Identification:
      • 1-3% of infants and toddlers have GDD
      • Physical exams and blood tests can help identify genetic disorders
      • Chromosomal microarray (CMA) identifies copy number variants in major regions of the genome
      • Most common genetic disorders causing GDD are Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, and subtle translocations or deletions of portions of the genome
      • About 4% of children with GDD have an identifiable genetic disorder that explains their delays

    Challenging Behaviors in Children with Developmental Disabilities

    • About 25% of youths with ID engage in challenging behaviors
    • Challenging behaviors can be physically harmful, strain relationships, limit access to normal childhood experiences, interfere with learning and cognitive development, and place a financial burden on the family and the public
    • Types of challenging behaviors:
      • Stereotypies: repetitive behaviors with no immediate practical significance
        • Examples: repeated movements of hands, arms, or upper body; facial grimacing, face and head tapping, self-biting, and licking
        • Especially common in youths with ID and autism
      • Self-Injurious Behaviors (SIBs): repetitive movements that cause physical harm or damage
        • Examples: head banging, self-biting/scratching
        • 10-12% of children with IDs engage in SIBs, prevalence is directly related to intellectual and adaptive impairments
      • Physical Aggression: behavior that causes property destruction or harm to another person
        • Examples: throwing objects, breaking toys, hitting, kicking, and biting others
        • 20-25% of youths with ID show chronic problems with aggression, most common among boys, children with comorbid autism, and youths with poor communication skills

    Prenatal and Perinatal Problems Associated with Intellectual Disability

    • Maternal infections during pregnancy:
      • Cytomegalovirus (CMV): can cause damage to the fetus's CNS, hearing loss, ID, and death
      • Herpes 2 (HSV-2): can cause damage to the CNS, blindness, seizures, and ID
      • Zika virus: can cause severe damage to the developing CNS, microcephaly, cognitive impairment, and death
    • Lead exposure:
      • Lead is a neurotoxin that can cause developmental disabilities in children
      • Fetuses are at risk if mother is exposed to lead during gestation
      • Lead exposure can cause kidney damage, heart problems, and other metabolic issues
    • Alcohol and other drugs:
      • Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): associated with low intellectual functioning, learning disabilities, hyperactivity, slow physical growth, craniofacial anomalies, and cardiac problems
      • Prevalence of FASD: approximately 1-3 per 1,000 live births
      • Can occur from only 2-3 oz of alcohol per day of gestation

    Perinatal and Postnatal Problems Associated with Intellectual Disability

    • Complications with pregnancy and delivery:
      • Maternal hypertension or uncontrolled diabetes
      • Delivery complications that cause anoxia leading to CNS damage
    • Premature birth and/or low birth weight:
      • One of the greatest predictors of cognitive problems in children

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    Related Documents

    Module 3 Chapters 5 & 6 PDF

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    Quiz on developmental delays in children, including GDD, ID, cerebral palsy, and impact of social deprivation and economic hardship.

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