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Developmental Biology Overview and Follicular Growth
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Developmental Biology Overview and Follicular Growth

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@VeritableJadeite

Questions and Answers

What role does GnRH play in the ovarian cycle?

  • It promotes the growth of the corpus luteum.
  • It enhances the development of the primordial follicle.
  • It stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland. (correct)
  • It directly causes ovulation.

    • During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the surge of LH occur?

  • Ovulatory phase (correct)
  • Menstrual phase
  • Luteal phase
  • Follicular phase

    • Which hormone is primarily responsible for follicle maturation?

  • LH
  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
  • FSH (correct)

    • What is the correct sequence of follicular development leading up to ovulation?

    <p>Primordial follicle → Growing follicle → Mature vesicular follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of LH during the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Stimulating growth of primordial follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the phenomenon where both maternal and placental blood spills occur during implantation?

    <p>Heteroplacental circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating increased production of LH during the maturation of vesicular follicles?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does an oocyte become arrested in meiosis II approximately 3 hours before ovulation?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of follicles develops independently of FSH according to the maturation sequence?

    <p>Primordial follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the ovarian cycle does FSH recruit growing follicles into development?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of follicle is characterized as vesicular or antral follicles?

    <p>Graafian follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which cells are estrogens produced during the maturation of follicles?

    <p>Thecal and follicular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the maturation process of follicles during the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Development of primordial follicles into growing follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves spermatozoa passing through the corona radiata barrier?

    <p>Phase 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during phase 2 of oocyte penetration?

    <p>One or more spermatozoa penetrate the zona pellucida.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase does a spermatozoon lose its plasma membrane?

    <p>Phase 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for sperm to fertilize an oocyte?

    <p>Sperm capacitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for enabling spermatozoa to penetrate the zona pellucida?

    <p>Acrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the remaining follicular cells after ovulation?

    <p>They form the corpus luteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do the spermatozoa penetrate the membranes of the oocyte?

    <p>Phase 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypertrophy in the corpus luteum?

    <p>Increase in lipid accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do fimbriae play in the reproductive process?

    <p>They collect the oocyte and guide it into the uterine tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage is the zona pellucida still present?

    <p>At the late mórula stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by the developing blastocyst to maintain the corpus luteum?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (Hcg).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of development stages after fertilization?

    <p>Two-cell stage, four-cell stage, 12- to 16-cell stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the inner cell mass of the blastocyst develop into?

    <p>Embryoblast and embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage does the fluid enter the morula, leading to the formation of a blastocyst?

    <p>At the late mórula stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs approximately 30 hours after fertilization?

    <p>Reaching the four-cell stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT involved in the preparation of the endometrium for implantation?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone produced by the corpus luteum if conception occurs?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which day of development does the human blastocyst begin to penetrate the uterine mucosa?

    <p>Day 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degenerates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layers of the endometrium are affected by degeneration if conception does not occur?

    <p>Compact and spongy layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the secretory phase of the endometrium during pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure provides blood vessels to the basal layer of the endometrium?

    <p>Decidua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the absence of fertilization at the end of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Menstruation occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells comprises the inner cell mass of the blastocyst?

    <p>Embryoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Developmental Biology Overview

    • Formation of extraembryonic membranes is crucial during early development, leading to the creation of two key cavities: chorionic cavity and amniotic cavity.
    • The hypothalamus releases GnRH, prompting the pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropins such as FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone).
    • FSH stimulates primordial follicles to grow and mature, while LH triggers ovulation by surging in concentration.
    • After ovulation, LH supports the development of the corpus luteum, essential for maintaining pregnancy.

    Follicular Development

    • Development stages of follicles include primordial, growing, vesicular (antral), and mature vesicular (Graafian) stages.
    • Primordial follicles exist initially, but some develop independently into growing follicles.
    • FSH also recruits growing follicles to transition into vesicular follicles, supported by estrogen production from the follicular and thecal cells.
    • The mature follicle undergoes meiosis I and enters meiosis II, pausing in metaphase before ovulation.

    Fertilization Phases

    • Three critical phases of fertilization:
      • Penetration of the corona radiata.
      • Penetration of the zona pellucida.
      • Penetration of the oocyte membrane by a sperm cell after it undergoes capacitation.

    Early Embryonic Development

    • Zygote development follows fertilization:
      • The two-cell stage occurs about 30 hours post-fertilization.
      • Four-cell stage at 40 hours and the 12-16 cell stage at approximately 3 days.
      • The late morula stage is reached by day 4, with blastomeres enclosed by the zona pellucida, which disintegrates at the end of day 4.

    Implantation Process

    • Following fertilization, embryoblasts form the inner cell mass, which will develop into the embryo, while trophoblasts create the outer layer.
    • By the sixth day, the human blastocyst begins penetrating the uterine mucosa for implantation.
    • Successful implantation prompts the blastocyst to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which preserves the corpus luteum and sustains progesterone levels, crucial for maintaining the pregnancy environment in the endometrium.

    Menstrual Cycle and Fertility

    • If no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to menstruation, where the basal layer of the endometrium also sheds due to lack of progesterone support.
    • In case of conception, progesterone and HCG levels remain elevated, influencing the uterine environment and resulting in the continuation of the secretory phase of the endometrium.

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    Description

    Explore the crucial processes in developmental biology, with a focus on the formation of extraembryonic membranes and the hormonal regulation of follicles. This quiz covers the stages of follicular development and the roles of key hormones such as FSH and LH in reproduction. Test your knowledge on these essential biological concepts.

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