Development of Voluntary Movement in Infants
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Questions and Answers

What behavior demonstrates that a toddler is beginning to explore the world using trial-and-error?

  • A child playing with playdough
  • A child throwing a ball down the stairs (correct)
  • A child drawing with crayons
  • A child stacking blocks

At which age range does substage 6 indicate the beginning of representational thought?

  • 0-6 months
  • 12-24 months (correct)
  • 6-12 months
  • 24-36 months

What ability is NOT characteristic of a child in substage 6 of development?

  • Solving problems with mental strategies
  • Using objects as symbols
  • Engaging in pretend play
  • Completely relying on physical manipulation (correct)

What marks the transition from sensorimotor to preoperational thought?

<p>The appearance of representational thought (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is an example of mental strategies emerging in toddlers?

<p>A child repeating a story from days before (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the development of voluntary movement in infants?

<p>Cerebral cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants start to show some degree of voluntary movement and conscious awareness?

<p>8 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following developmental sequences represents cephalocaudal development?

<p>Head control to sitting to standing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of skills develop first as infants grow?

<p>Gross motor skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the experience-dependent maturation of the brain entail?

<p>Practicing movements strengthens neural connections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is expected to persist throughout life?

<p>Blink reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the developmental milestones for infants?

<p>They follow a specific average age and range for accomplishment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neural connections that are unused during an infant's development?

<p>They weaken. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can infants typically sit without support?

<p>6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills is associated with infants at approximately 4-6 months of age?

<p>Voluntary Palmer Grasp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is accommodation in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

<p>Creating new schemas for new experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substage of sensorimotor development occurs from birth to 1 month?

<p>Reflexes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ability develops around 9 months of age, helping infants with object manipulation?

<p>Pincer Grasp (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Substage 3 of sensorimotor development?

<p>Accidental interactions becoming intentional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do motor and sensory abilities play in cognitive development according to the provided material?

<p>They serve as the foundation for later cognitive skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?

<p>Sensing and moving in response to the environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants begin to engage in repetitive motor movements in which substage of sensorimotor development?

<p>Substage 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental aspect is highlighted during the substage characterized by planning and coordination?

<p>Deliberate goal-directed behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Piaget imply about the balance individuals seek in their cognitive development?

<p>They strive to maintain cognitive equilibrium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do infants typically start to develop eye-hand coordination?

<p>9 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the tertiary circular reactions substage of sensorimotor development?

<p>Testing new behaviors in varying contexts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Development of Voluntary Movement

The process of acquiring voluntary control over movement. It progresses from reflexive reactions to coordinated actions, developing from the head down and from the center of the body outward.

Reflex

An automatic, involuntary movement triggered by a specific stimulus. These are present at birth and some disappear as voluntary control develops.

Gross Motor Skills

The ability to move large muscle groups, such as those in the arms and legs. This skill develops before fine motor skills, allowing for actions like walking and jumping.

Cephalocaudal Development

The process of development where control over body parts starts from the head and progresses downwards towards the feet. This is evident in infants learning to hold their head up before they learn to stand.

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Proximodistal Development

The process of development where control over body parts starts from the center of the body and progresses outwards towards the hands and feet. This is evident in infants learning to control their arms before their fingers.

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Developmental Milestones

Specific skills that mark the progression of infant development. Reaching these milestones at appropriate ages indicates healthy growth and development.

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Fine Motor Skills

The ability to control small muscle movements, such as those in the fingers and hands. This skill develops later than gross motor skills, allowing for tasks like grasping and writing.

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Experience Dependent Maturation

The process by which the brain develops and changes in response to experiences. This is particularly relevant in early childhood as practice and repeated activity strengthen neural connections.

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Substage 6: Beginning of Representational Thought

The period between 12-24 months where children start using objects as symbols, solve problems using mental strategies, remember things heard days before, and engage in pretend play.

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Toddlers as Little Scientists

Toddlers explore their surroundings by experimenting in a trial-and-error manner, using both motor skills and planning abilities.

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Preoperational Thought

A stage of cognitive development in early childhood where children use symbols and mental representations, but still struggle with logical thinking and understanding abstract concepts.

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Symbolic or Representational Thought

The ability to think about things that are not physically present. This is a key feature of Substage 6 and marks the transition to Preoperational Thought.

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Sensorimotor Stage

The stage of cognitive development where children learn primarily through their senses and motor skills.

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Palmer Grasp Reflex

A reflex that causes newborns to wrap their fingers around any object placed in their hand.

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Voluntary Palmer Grasp

The ability to intentionally grasp an object with the fingers and palm, but not the thumbs.

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Pincer Grasp

The ability to grasp an object using the forefinger and thumb.

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Schema

A framework for organizing information that individuals develop through assimilation and accommodation.

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Assimilation

Fitting new information into an existing schema, like calling every animal with four legs a 'doggie'.

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Accommodation

Expanding the framework of knowledge to accommodate a new situation, like learning the difference between a horse and a dog.

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Reflexes (0-1 month)

A stage in the sensorimotor stage where newborns learn about the world through reflexes.

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Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)

A stage in the sensorimotor stage where infants engage in repeated motor movements that often occur by accident and are then deliberately repeated.

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Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)

A stage in the sensorimotor stage where infants begin to interact with objects in their environment. These interactions initially occur by accident but become intentional and repeated.

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Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months)

A stage in the sensorimotor stage where infants combine simple behaviors to achieve a specific goal.

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Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)

A stage in the sensorimotor stage where infants explore their environment through experimentation and repetition.

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Beginning of Representational Thought (18-24 months)

A stage in the sensorimotor stage where infants begin to understand that objects exist even when they can't see them and can use symbols and mental representations.

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Study Notes

Development of Voluntary Movement

  • Infants are born altricial (immature), requiring care and feeding
  • Cerebral cortex development occurs after birth, with neurons migrating and forming connections
  • Voluntary movement and conscious awareness develop by 8 weeks
  • Voluntary movement and awareness are linked to the cerebral cortex
  • Orderly development of voluntary movement and awareness during the first year
  • Experience shapes brain structure: used connections strengthen, unused weaken
  • Development proceeds cephalocaudally (head-downwards) and proximodistally (center-outwards)

Motor Development

  • Reflexes are automatic movements triggered by stimuli.
  • Some reflexes (blinking, swallowing) persist throughout life; others disappear
  • Reflex assessments indicate nervous system health
  • Infants progress from reflexive to voluntary motor functioning
  • Gross motor skills, involving large muscle groups (e.g., head control, sitting, crawling, walking), develop first
  • Developmental milestones allow assessment of typical development
  • Fine motor skills involve coordination of fingers, toes, and eyes
  • Newborns have a palmar grasp reflex
  • Voluntary grasping (palmar grasp) develops at about 4 months
  • Pincer grasp (thumb and forefinger) emerges around 9 months
  • Eye-hand coordination develops with pincer grasp

Piaget and Stages of Sensory Motor Development

  • Piaget developed a theory of human development based on research, describing how humans construct knowledge throughout life
  • Infants learn through senses and motor actions
  • Sensorimotor stage: learning through senses and movement in response to the environment
  • Cognitive equilibrium is the balance between what we see and know, with new info requiring frameworks and organisation
  • Schemas are frameworks for organizing information
  • Assimilation is fitting new information into existing schemas
  • Accommodation is expanding schemas to include new situations
  • Infants and young children face challenges in maintaining equilibrium due to continuous new situations, words, and objects

Sensorimotor Development Substages

  • Substage 1 (0-1 month): Reflexes – using reflexes purposefully (sucking, reaching)
  • Substage 2 (1-4 months): Primary circular reactions – repeating motor actions that centre on the infant's own body (e.g., accidentally reaching for a toy and repeating the action because of the interest evoked)
  • Substage 3 (4-8 months): Secondary circular reactions – deliberately interacting with objects in the environment (e.g., shaking a rattle)
  • Substage 4 (8-12 months): Coordination of secondary circular reactions – combining behaviours to achieve goals (e.g., using one object to retrieve another)
  • Substage 5 (12-18 months): Tertiary circular reactions – exploring the environment through trial and error (e.g., throwing a ball down stairs)
  • Substage 6 (18-24 months): Beginning of representational thought – using symbols and mental strategies (e.g., pretend play, remembering, solving problems mentally)

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Description

This quiz explores the stages of voluntary movement development in infants, highlighting the role of the cerebral cortex and reflexes. Learn about the progression of gross motor skills and how experience influences brain structure in the first year of life. Test your knowledge on key concepts in motor development and the changes that occur as infants grow.

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