Podcast
Questions and Answers
What behavior demonstrates that a toddler is beginning to explore the world using trial-and-error?
What behavior demonstrates that a toddler is beginning to explore the world using trial-and-error?
At which age range does substage 6 indicate the beginning of representational thought?
At which age range does substage 6 indicate the beginning of representational thought?
What ability is NOT characteristic of a child in substage 6 of development?
What ability is NOT characteristic of a child in substage 6 of development?
What marks the transition from sensorimotor to preoperational thought?
What marks the transition from sensorimotor to preoperational thought?
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Which activity is an example of mental strategies emerging in toddlers?
Which activity is an example of mental strategies emerging in toddlers?
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What is primarily responsible for the development of voluntary movement in infants?
What is primarily responsible for the development of voluntary movement in infants?
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At what age do infants start to show some degree of voluntary movement and conscious awareness?
At what age do infants start to show some degree of voluntary movement and conscious awareness?
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Which of the following developmental sequences represents cephalocaudal development?
Which of the following developmental sequences represents cephalocaudal development?
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What type of skills develop first as infants grow?
What type of skills develop first as infants grow?
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What does the experience-dependent maturation of the brain entail?
What does the experience-dependent maturation of the brain entail?
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Which reflex is expected to persist throughout life?
Which reflex is expected to persist throughout life?
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Which statement best describes the developmental milestones for infants?
Which statement best describes the developmental milestones for infants?
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What happens to neural connections that are unused during an infant's development?
What happens to neural connections that are unused during an infant's development?
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At what age can infants typically sit without support?
At what age can infants typically sit without support?
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Which of the following skills is associated with infants at approximately 4-6 months of age?
Which of the following skills is associated with infants at approximately 4-6 months of age?
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What is accommodation in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
What is accommodation in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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Which substage of sensorimotor development occurs from birth to 1 month?
Which substage of sensorimotor development occurs from birth to 1 month?
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Which ability develops around 9 months of age, helping infants with object manipulation?
Which ability develops around 9 months of age, helping infants with object manipulation?
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What characterizes Substage 3 of sensorimotor development?
What characterizes Substage 3 of sensorimotor development?
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What role do motor and sensory abilities play in cognitive development according to the provided material?
What role do motor and sensory abilities play in cognitive development according to the provided material?
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What is the primary focus of the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?
What is the primary focus of the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?
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Infants begin to engage in repetitive motor movements in which substage of sensorimotor development?
Infants begin to engage in repetitive motor movements in which substage of sensorimotor development?
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Which developmental aspect is highlighted during the substage characterized by planning and coordination?
Which developmental aspect is highlighted during the substage characterized by planning and coordination?
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What does Piaget imply about the balance individuals seek in their cognitive development?
What does Piaget imply about the balance individuals seek in their cognitive development?
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When do infants typically start to develop eye-hand coordination?
When do infants typically start to develop eye-hand coordination?
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What occurs in the tertiary circular reactions substage of sensorimotor development?
What occurs in the tertiary circular reactions substage of sensorimotor development?
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Study Notes
Development of Voluntary Movement
- Infants are born altricial (immature), requiring care and feeding
- Cerebral cortex development occurs after birth, with neurons migrating and forming connections
- Voluntary movement and conscious awareness develop by 8 weeks
- Voluntary movement and awareness are linked to the cerebral cortex
- Orderly development of voluntary movement and awareness during the first year
- Experience shapes brain structure: used connections strengthen, unused weaken
- Development proceeds cephalocaudally (head-downwards) and proximodistally (center-outwards)
Motor Development
- Reflexes are automatic movements triggered by stimuli.
- Some reflexes (blinking, swallowing) persist throughout life; others disappear
- Reflex assessments indicate nervous system health
- Infants progress from reflexive to voluntary motor functioning
- Gross motor skills, involving large muscle groups (e.g., head control, sitting, crawling, walking), develop first
- Developmental milestones allow assessment of typical development
- Fine motor skills involve coordination of fingers, toes, and eyes
- Newborns have a palmar grasp reflex
- Voluntary grasping (palmar grasp) develops at about 4 months
- Pincer grasp (thumb and forefinger) emerges around 9 months
- Eye-hand coordination develops with pincer grasp
Piaget and Stages of Sensory Motor Development
- Piaget developed a theory of human development based on research, describing how humans construct knowledge throughout life
- Infants learn through senses and motor actions
- Sensorimotor stage: learning through senses and movement in response to the environment
- Cognitive equilibrium is the balance between what we see and know, with new info requiring frameworks and organisation
- Schemas are frameworks for organizing information
- Assimilation is fitting new information into existing schemas
- Accommodation is expanding schemas to include new situations
- Infants and young children face challenges in maintaining equilibrium due to continuous new situations, words, and objects
Sensorimotor Development Substages
- Substage 1 (0-1 month): Reflexes – using reflexes purposefully (sucking, reaching)
- Substage 2 (1-4 months): Primary circular reactions – repeating motor actions that centre on the infant's own body (e.g., accidentally reaching for a toy and repeating the action because of the interest evoked)
- Substage 3 (4-8 months): Secondary circular reactions – deliberately interacting with objects in the environment (e.g., shaking a rattle)
- Substage 4 (8-12 months): Coordination of secondary circular reactions – combining behaviours to achieve goals (e.g., using one object to retrieve another)
- Substage 5 (12-18 months): Tertiary circular reactions – exploring the environment through trial and error (e.g., throwing a ball down stairs)
- Substage 6 (18-24 months): Beginning of representational thought – using symbols and mental strategies (e.g., pretend play, remembering, solving problems mentally)
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Description
This quiz explores the stages of voluntary movement development in infants, highlighting the role of the cerebral cortex and reflexes. Learn about the progression of gross motor skills and how experience influences brain structure in the first year of life. Test your knowledge on key concepts in motor development and the changes that occur as infants grow.
