Cerebral Palsy and Infant Motor Development Quiz

Motor Development and Neurotherapy

• The study of motor development during the first year encompasses typical and atypical development.
• Motor development is a lifelong process.
• Development occurs across multiple dimensions (physical, cognitive).
• Development is plastic and flexible.
• Development is contextually dependent.
• Development is embedded in history.
• Sensory input contributes to motor development.
• Motor development involves all sensory systems, including visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems (proprioception and tactile).
• Infants' repetitive movements help develop sensory awareness of those movements.
• Key aspects of motor development include the ability to move and transition between movements.
• Weight shifting provides crucial sensory stimuli for postural reactions and balance.
• Righting and equilibrium reactions are postural responses that are learned and anticipated through experience and practice.
• Trunk muscles work synergistically, balancing each other to control body movements.
• Trunk movements on each plane affect extremity movements on those planes.
• Maintaining sitting and standing postures allows continued practice of movements in plane.
• Transitions between positions are essential for enabling movement.

Developmental Time Periods

• Infancy: birth to 2 years
• Childhood: 2-10 years (female), 2-12 years (male)
• Adolescence: 10-18 years (female), 12-20 years (male)
• Early adulthood: 18-40 years
• Middle adulthood: 40-65 years
• Older adulthood: 65-death
• Young-old: 65-74 years old
• Middle-old: 75-84 years old
• Old-old: 85+ years old

Typical Motor Development During the First Year

• Neonate (1–10 days): physiological flexion; flexor activity in ankles, knees, hips, and elbows; hip flexion causes weight shift forward onto the face.
• Two months: semi-hypotonia, decreased flexion, increased extension, asymmetry.
• Three months: active symmetry, bilateral control of neck and trunk muscles.
• Four months: strong symmetry, bilateral symmetrical control of flexors and extensors, maintains midline control of head.
• Five months: lateral weight shifting, lateral righting; maintains forearm weight bearing.
• Six months: good head control, ability to extend, laterally flex, and flex head; increased shoulder girdle control.
• Seven months: sits independently; begins to shift weight; protective extension reactions.
• Eight months: improves trunk control in sitting.
• Nine months: very functional in sitting, dynamic mobility of the lower limb.
• Ten months: refined UE and fine motor skills; improves trunk rotation
• Eleven months: exploration, able to rotate in long sitting.
• Twelve months: sufficient trunk control for lateral flexion, rotation, and extension.

Atypical Development

• Atypical development is individualized.
• Atypical development is not necessarily a result of impairment.
• Atypical development can be an adaptation to an impairment.
• Several conditions can affect the development path, including brain damage, hypoxia, congenital birth defects, genetic disorders, plexus brachialis damage, cranial nerve damage, and spina bifida.
• The progression of neurological condition can be reversed with the right intervention.
• Several neurological issues and symptoms may occur without necessarily being shown on scans.

Brain Development

• Brain development begins at 350 grams at birth and grows to 700–800 grams by age 1.
• New synapses develop, causing enlargement of the brain.

Important Stages of Development

• A Table of different periods and stages of development from age 1-2 months to several years

Developmental Delay Signs

• One-month-old signs of delayed development
• Three-month-old signs of delayed development
• Four-month-old signs of delayed development
• Five-month-old signs of delayed development
• Seven-month-old signs of delayed development
• Twelve-month-old signs of delayed development
• Eighteen-month-old signs of delayed development
• Twenty-four-month-old signs of delayed development
• Thirty-six-month-old signs of delayed development

Directional Concepts of Development

• Cephalocaudal: development progresses from head to tail
• Proximodistal: development progresses from the center of the body outward
• Mass to specific: development progresses from the whole body to specific body parts
• Gross to fine: large-muscle movements develop before fine-muscle movements

Developmental Process

• Growth: includes size, height, weight, and head circumference
• Maturation: includes myelination of nerve fibers, bone growth, and secondary sexual characteristics.
• Adaptation: includes physical changes due to external stimulation

Motor and Fine Motor Milestones

• Includes tables of motor and fine motor milestones for newborns, infants and toddlers by month
• Includes illustrations of typical motor and fine motor milestones

Primitive Reflexes

• Includes different reflexes, age ranges, and descriptions

Clinical Neurodevelopment

• Includes a list of different neurological conditions that need therapy.

Common Developmental Disorders of the Nervous System

• Spina bifida occulta

• Spina bifida cystica

• Meningocele

• Myelomeningocele

• Other Neurological Conditions*

• Congenital hydrocephalus

• Rachischisis

• Encephalocele

• Polymicrogyria,

• Porencephaly

• Holoprosencephalia

• Hydranencephalia

Multiple Reasons for Developmental Issues

• A list of different possible causes of abnormal neurological development.

Split Brain (Schizencephaly)

• Description of the neurological conditions and its implications

Lissencephaly

• Description of the conditions and its implications

Hemimegalencephaly

• Description of the conditions and its implications

Ventriculomegaly

• Description of the condition and its implications

Poly Cystic Leukomalacia

• Description of the condition and its implications

Cortical Atrophy

• Description of the condition and its implications

Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

-Description of the condition and its implications

Microcephaly

• Description of the condition and its implications

Traumatic Hemorrhage/Periventricular Leukomalacia

• Description of the condition and its implications

Primitive reflexes vs. elementary movement patterns

• Distinction between the spinal and brainstem regulated reflexes and the basal ganglia regulated movement patterns. Includes implications for practice and learning.

Katona Method

• Description of the different elementary movement patterns
• Implications of a body's movement in space

Specific Treatment Programs for different conditions

• A section focused on treatment protocols for specific conditions, such as hemiparesis and spastic diplegia. Tables showing the specific duration and number of exercises needed per day/week.
• The same section will be dedicated to brachial plexus injuries and perinatal injuries of the brachial plexus.
• Table data show the number and duration of different therapies.

Etiology and Pathophysiology of Brachial Plexus Palsy

• Discusses the causes and the damage patterns
• Discusses the different recovery patterns, like neurotmesis, axonotmesis, and neurapraxia.

Prognosis and Types of BPI injury

• Discusses the different outcomes in terms of prognosis based on the type of damage
• Presents different types of injury, from Erb's palsy to Klumpke palsy.

Problems in the Case of BPI

• List and describe common complications in patients with brachial plexus injury.

Activity Limitations in Children with BPI

• List and describe common physical and psychological limitations in children with brachial plexus injury.

PT Examinations after Brachial Plexus Injury

• Different examination methods and criteria to be used for patients with brachial plexus injuries
• Include the types of assessments and examinations needed.
• Include frequency and timing for followup.

Growth Chart 0-36 months boys - Data in a Graph Representation

• A visual presentation of child development data
• A graph representation of the different sizes and weight percentiles of boys for different ages.

Growth Chart 2-20 years - Data in a Graph Representation

• A visual presentation of child development data
• A graph representation of the different height and weight percentiles of boys for different ages.

Gross Motor Milestones

• Description of different stages of gross motor development
• Table format for different stages of development with ages from infant to adult years.

Fine Motor Milestones

• Detailed explanation of fine motor skills and ages
• Tables and images that demonstrate the different milestones of fine motor skills

Physical Maturity

• Physical characteristics of babies, ages, and descriptions. Include descriptions from characteristics of newborns to toddlers
• Includes tables and images for the different developments

Adaptation to Outside Life of the Womb

• Includes an illustration of the adaptation process for a newborn

Congenital Heart Disease

• Types of defects
• Causes of defects
• How defects impact the circulatory system

Classify Congenital Heart Defects

• Describes the different types of congenital heart defects
• Describing the conditions where oxygen blood circulation can be abnormal.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

• Description of specific congenital heart defect
• Description of the defect and how it impacts blood flow.

Atrial Septal Defect

• Description of specific congenital heart defect
• Description of the defect and how it impacts blood flow.

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

• Description of specific congenital heart defect
• Description of the defect and how it impacts blood flow.

Atrioventricular Canal (AVC)

• Description of specific congenital heart defect
• Description of the defect and how it impacts blood flow.

Tricuspid Atresia

• Description of specific congenital heart defect
• Description of the defect and how it impacts blood flow.

Pulmonary Atresia

• Description of specific congenital heart defect
• Description of the defect and how it impacts blood flow.

Transposition of the Great Arteries

• Description of specific congenital heart defect
• Description of the defect and how it impacts blood flow.

Tetralogy of Fallot

• Description of specific congenital heart defect
• Description of the defect and how it impacts blood flow.

Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)

• Condition description

Coarctation of the Aorta (COA)

• Condition description

Aortic Stenosis (AS)

• Condition description

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)

• Condition description

Congenital Heart Disease - Symptoms and Causes

• List of common symptoms.
• List of common underlying causes.

Congenital Heart Disease - Treatment

• Different treatments for different types of cardiac conditions, including medications and surgery
• The importance of understanding the condition and its impact on the child's health and development

Cardiac Physiotherapy for Neonates and Infants

• The importance of the intervention
• List of methods and exercises, focusing on airway clearance and reducing work of breath

Positional Rotation in Infants

• Key elements of positional changes.

Precaution of Drainage and Prone Position with Different conditions

• Precautions to be taken during the care of different conditions/diseases.

Contraindications for Different Procedures

• Contraindications for positional rotations, including conditions where it is contraindicated.

CHD Outcomes

• Discuss common outcomes for children with corrected CHD
• Mentioning the usage of different assessment scales in early developmental assessment

Types of Exercise in Pediatric Cardaiac Care

• Frequency, intensity, and duration excercise
• Type of equipment that can be used

Aerobic Exercise Training

• Focuses on the use of aerobic excercises in the rehabilitation of children with heart conditions
• Description of different types of equipment and excercises

Resistance Exercise Training

• Explanation of how resistance training can improve strength and function
• Different kinds of exercises

Flexibility Exercise Training

• Description of different kinds of physiotherapy that can be used for increasing joint movement

Treatment Summary in Cardiovascular Disease

• Overview of different intervention types and aspects of care

Functional Tests and Scales

• Description of different methods of assessment. Mentioning different scales like Aims, Test of Gross Motor Development 3 and Peabody Developmental Motor Scale.

Assessment of the Elementary Movement Patterns

• Methods of evaluating movement patterns
• Description of possible atypical movements that may occur

Sitting in Space

• Description of the procedure and observation for children who are experiencing problems in adapting to sit in upright positions
• Description of the common signs of possible problems

"Pull to Sit"

• Description of the procedure and observation for children who are experiencing problems in sitting and position adaptation
• Description of possible common signs of problems

Push to Sit

• Description of the procedure and observation for children who are experiencing problems in sitting and position adaptation
• Description of possible common signs of problems

Crawling Downhill

• Description of techniques for promoting crawling, or exercises to promote crawling -Description of different possible pathologies that may need special attention during the exercise
• Description of possible problems when a child is having problems during a crawling excercise

Assisted Crawling Uphill

• Description of techniques to promote crawling -Description of different possible pathologies that may need special attention
• Description of possible problems when a child is having problems during a crawling exercise

Rolling from Supine to Prone

• Description of techniques and excercises to improve a child's rolling development.

Assisted Crawling

• Description of different techniques that can be used -Different possible pathologies that may need special attention, and descriptions of possible problems when a child is having problems performing this excercise
• Specific details on different exercises that can be used in the different phases of this excercise.

Elementary Walking

• Description of different positions when performing walking exercise.
• Different possible pathologies that may need special attention
• Different excercises included

Neurotherapy for Infants with Hemiparesis

• Description of different therapy modalities for these conditions/diseases
• Detailed explanations of the exercises

Spastic Diplegia

• Description of different therapy modalities for these conditions/diseases
• Detailed explanations of the exercises

Plexus brachialis lesion

• Description of different therapy modalities for these conditions/diseases
• Detailed explanations of the exercises

Perinatal injury of brachial plexus

• Description of causes, pathophysiology, and prognosis of brachial plexus injuries. Includes complications and recovery time frames.

Birth Injuries: Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Prognosis

• Description of causes, medical examinations, possible pathologies, and prognosis.

Types of Injuries

• Classification of different types of arm injuries from Erb's Palsy to Klumpke palsy

Problems in the Case of Brachial Plexus Injury

• List and describe common complications in patients with a brachial plexus injury.

Activity Limitations in Children with Brachial Plexus Injury

• List and describe common physical and psychological limitations in children with a brachial plexus injury.

PT Examinations after Brachial Plexus Injury

• Different examination methods and criteria to be used for patients with brachial plexus injuries
• Include the types of assessments and examinations needed. -Include frequency and timing for follow-up.

Characteristic Childhood Fractures

• Different parts of the body/regions that experiences fractures

Healing of Bone and Ossification Disorders

• Different phases of bone ossification and development
• Different possible disorders and complications that may arise.
• Description of different possible issues with the ossification process

Posttraumatic Growing Disorders

• Description of possible complications in patients that experiences some fractures.

Classification of Epiphysis Injuries

• Description of different types of injuries to the epiphysis(growth plate)
• Discussion of different treatment methods.

Distalis Fracture of Forearm

• Description of the procedure, different types of injury and different ways of doing physiotherapy (including positioning and different excercises)
• Description of the possible complication, and how to avoid them.

PT after wrist fracture

• Description of the treatment and rehabilitation techniques/methodologies applicable in the cases of distal forearm fractures
• Different techniques for improving function, and how to avoid possible complications

Elbow Fracture

• Description and causes of elbow fractures occurring in children
• Description and implications of different types of possible fractures

Humerus Supracondylar Fracture

• Description of the common supracondylar fracture type
• Includes description of the neuro-vascular co-injury involved during a fracture.
• Description of the treatment protocols in different phases.

Fixateure Externe

• Description of the different ways a traumatic fracture of the arm can be fixed.
• Includes images for the different ways of the external fixation procedure

PT after Humerus Supracondylar Fracture, Elbow Fracture

• Different treatment and rehabilitation techniques/methodologies applicable in the cases of elbow fractures(including positioning and different excercises), as well as the different stages of therapy and the different points to consider when planning the different phases.
• Description of possible complications, and how to avoid them.

Humerus Luxation

• Description of the different ways that the humerus can be dislocated
• Describing different causes and therapies

PT after Humerus Luxation

• Physiotherapy treatment protocols, excercises, that are applied

Pelvic Fracture

• Description of pelvic fractures and how they differ from adult cases
• Description of factors that increase risk of lower limb and pelvis asymmetry

Pelvic Fracture Classification

• Different categories of pelvic fractures

Surgical Treatment of Pelvic Fracture

• Different types of surgical procedures for the different types of pelvic fractures

PT after ACL, PCL injury

• Treatment and rehabilitation techniques/methodologies applicable in the cases of anterior and posterior cruciate ligament injuries
• Different techniques for improving function, and different points to consider when planning the different phases of the rehabilitation.

Development of Muscle Strength: PT

• Description of different kinds of physiotherapy that can be used for improving muscle strength
• Different techniques for improving muscle strength

Propriocepcion and Balance Control: PT

• Description of the different kinds of excercises that promote balance and proprioception

Develope Cardiovascular Capacity: PT

• Different methods for improving cardiovascular capacity through sport, and different steps for preparing a child to perform different sports

Specific Exercises

• The different types of exercises that are part of sport-specific excercises

Thermal Injury

• Description of different types of thermal injuries and their implications for the patient.

Classification of Burn Injury

• Classification used for classifying burn injuries in children base on age and body surface area

Burn Injury: Hypermetabolic Process

• Different processes related to a burn injury. Description of the hypermetabolic response to the injury

PT in Burn Injury: Maximum Protection–Acute Period

• Description of the different aspects of early intervention

PT in Burn Injury: Subacute Phase (Scarring Phase)

• Detailed explanations of different types of therapy in the subacute phase

PT in Burn Injury: Chronic and Rehabilitation Phase

• Different methods of dealing with a burn injury through different phases of rehabilitation.

Skull Injury

• Different types of skull injuries; including concussions, different types of hemorrhage such as subarachnoid, subdural haematom, epidural haematom and how they occur
• Description of different treatment protocols.

Shaken Baby Syndrome

• Definition, symptoms, and causes of the syndrome
• Implications of the case for children

Additional Points on Physiotherapy

• Importance of the therapist's role in different stages of treatment in different groups of patients including children of different ages
• Emphasizing the importance of therapy including proper positioning, excercises/techniques and other points that make it important for the child to be included in the appropriate way during physiotherapy

Test your knowledge on the clinical presentations of cerebral palsy and key motor development milestones in infants. This quiz covers topics such as muscle tone characteristics, developmental reflexes, and common complications associated with the condition. Reflect on your understanding of normal grasping patterns and age-related milestones in infant development.