November Paper 2 Exam Hard

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What does development in geography refer to?

Enhancing the capacity of a country to produce goods and services.

A uniform process across all nations.

Improving the quality of life for all populations equally.

A multifaceted process that varies based on unique needs, resources, and cultural values. (correct)

Which indicator is NOT associated with economic development?

Human Development Index (HDI) (correct)

Gross National Product (GNP)

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

What does cultural development in geography aim to do?

Ignore cultural heritage in the development process.

Build cultural museums only.

Preserve and promote cultural values while integrating them into development. (correct)

Eradicate cultural values to promote modernization.

Which aspect of development focuses on improving the well-being of individuals and communities?

Social Development Signup and view all the answers

How is economic development closely tied to resources exploitation?

By efficiently utilizing natural and human resources to increase wealth. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider multiple dimensions in understanding development?

To ensure holistic progress that accounts for economic, social, technological, and environmental aspects. Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding soil's physical properties crucial for its management and utilization?

To evaluate factors like water infiltration and root penetration. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does soil erosion have on topsoil?

Reduces nutrient availability. Signup and view all the answers

How do poor farming practices contribute to soil erosion?

By exacerbating erosion. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is recommended for addressing soil erosion?

Implementing sustainable practices. Signup and view all the answers

Why is soil considered a non-renewable resource despite its capacity for renewal?

As a result of slow formation rate. Signup and view all the answers

How does the relief affect soil characteristics?

By influencing water runoff. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor influencing development according to the text?

Geography Signup and view all the answers

Why is the transition from fossil fuels to more efficient energy sources challenging?

Limited resources in developing countries Signup and view all the answers

What can strain resources and make it harder for countries to develop?

Population growth Signup and view all the answers

Which development model highlights the uneven nature of economic growth and development?

Core and Periphery Model Signup and view all the answers

What has been a strategic shift since 1994, supporting community empowerment through a bottom-up approach?

Community-driven projects Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is crucial for resilient community development according to the text?

Market access and disaster preparedness Signup and view all the answers

Why is international trade considered a major component of economic activity for countries?

To influence economic development Signup and view all the answers

Which activity involves research and development to innovate and improve product development?

Quaternary Economic Activities Signup and view all the answers

What does sustainable development emphasize?

Meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs Signup and view all the answers

Why are technological advancements significant for a country's growth?

They lead to more efficient resource use and improved communication Signup and view all the answers

In which sector do service industries that offer support to manufacturing belong?

Tertiary Economic Activities Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of the development continuum acknowledge?

Countries develop in different ways and at different rates Signup and view all the answers

Which global initiative aimed to reduce poverty, improve health, and enhance quality of life worldwide by 2015?

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Signup and view all the answers

What does quality of life encompass beyond material wealth?

Happiness and Contentment Signup and view all the answers

Which sector involves high-level decision-making processes that shape the overall direction of development?

Quinary Economic Activities Signup and view all the answers

How is standard of living often measured?

Ownership of homes, cars, and consumer goods Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes bilateral aid from multilateral aid?

Grants and loans in multilateral aid Signup and view all the answers

Which aid type comes with specific performance requirements for the recipient?

Conditional Aid Signup and view all the answers

What is a common negative outcome of providing aid as loans?

Debt burden for the recipient Signup and view all the answers

Which organization type is primarily funded through public donations?

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) Signup and view all the answers

What critical geographical skill is necessary for planning and evaluating development projects?

Mapwork Skills Signup and view all the answers

Which resource type offers a sustainable option due to its ability to regenerate or be used continuously without depletion?

Solar energy and wind Signup and view all the answers

'Focusing on small-scale, self-help projects' is a characteristic of which type of aid?

'NGO Assistance' Signup and view all the answers

Which organization type focuses on broader, global initiatives in aid distribution?

United Nations Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of renewable resources in reducing resource consumption?

Regenerating or being used continuously without depletion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of resource depletion as mentioned in the text?

Mining activities Signup and view all the answers

How does deforestation contribute to environmental problems?

Increases atmospheric CO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of soil is the most fertile and rich in organic material?

A Horizon (Topsoil) Signup and view all the answers

What influences the formation and quality of soil according to the text?

The type of underlying rock Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension is NOT part of the concept of sustainability?

Political sustainability Signup and view all the answers

What does the O Horizon of soil mainly consist of?

Decaying plant matter Signup and view all the answers

What role does the B Horizon (Subsoil) play in soil functionality?

It contains minerals leached from the A horizon Signup and view all the answers

How does time influence soil quality according to the text?

Affects soil maturity and depth suitable for agriculture Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of climate on soil formation?

Influences soil formation rate and organic matter content Signup and view all the answers

Why is sustainable resource management emphasized as a pivotal skill for future generations?

To protect environmental health and well-being of inhabitants Signup and view all the answers

What does a surplus in the balance of trade indicate?

The country earns more from exports than it spends on imports. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a trade barrier governments may impose?

Imposing tariffs on imported goods Signup and view all the answers

Why do many of the world's poorest nations face challenges due to commodity dependence?

They are vulnerable to price fluctuations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of fair trade compared to free trade?

Ensuring producers in developing countries receive fair compensation Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding gender issues and applying gender analysis crucial in development processes?

To leverage women's full potential in contributing to various sectors. Signup and view all the answers

What did the 2010 Cancun agreements recognize regarding gender equality and climate change?

The importance of gender equality and women’s participation in climate change action. Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a significant gender gap in literacy rates in Africa?

Because education is a barrier to women’s employment and advancement. Signup and view all the answers

What does globalization refer to?

The interconnectedness and interdependence of the world's economies Signup and view all the answers

Which group primarily exports raw materials and imports manufactured goods according to the text?

Less economically developed countries (LEDCs) Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge posed by globalization according to the text?

The concentration of economic power in transnational corporations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of development aid?

Supporting long-term development in developing countries Signup and view all the answers

Which region faces a severe HIV/Aids epidemic according to the text?

Sub-Saharan Africa Signup and view all the answers

In the context of South Africa, what is the role of state-owned enterprises like Eskom?

Creating infrastructure for development Signup and view all the answers

What does development aid aim to stimulate in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs)?

Poverty reduction through internal solutions Signup and view all the answers

What underscores the urgent need for sustainable environmental management practices according to the text?

Industrial pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is a key responsibility of the state in driving economic growth?

Adopting sustainable development strategies Signup and view all the answers

Why are women considered central to the rural economy?

Due to their role in food production Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge associated with sustained growth in recipient nations according to the text?

Dependence on external assistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cultural development in geography?

Integrating cultural values into development Signup and view all the answers

Which economic indicator is closely associated with a country's economic development?

Gross domestic product (GDP) Signup and view all the answers

What determines the varying nature of development processes among nations?

Unique needs, resources, cultural values, and technological advancements Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is crucial for understanding the multifaceted concept of development?

Economic, social, and environmental dimensions Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential element of economic development in geography?

Optimizing natural resource utilization Signup and view all the answers

How does social development contribute to the overall concept of development?

By promoting individual and community well-being Signup and view all the answers

What can hinder a country's development path by creating instability and inefficiency?

Unstable governments Signup and view all the answers

Which model emphasizes sustainable development to ensure long-term viability?

Sustainability Model Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for resilient community development according to the text?

Market access and disaster preparedness Signup and view all the answers

What drives international trade according to the text?

Uneven distribution of resources Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of development focuses on alleviating poverty and promoting sustainable development?

Community-driven projects Signup and view all the answers

Why do countries engage in international trade?

To import what they lack and export surplus goods Signup and view all the answers

Which challenge can strain resources and make it harder for countries to develop?

Rapid population increase Signup and view all the answers

'Capacity building' is essential for which purpose according to the text?

Economic development Signup and view all the answers

'Core and Periphery Model' highlights the uneven nature of economic growth between which regions?

Core and peripheral regions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of social development according to the text?

Improving quality of life and standard of living Signup and view all the answers

Which economic sector focuses on high-level decision-making processes in a society or economy?

Quaternary Economic Activities Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) global initiative?

To address various aspects of development like poverty reduction and health improvement Signup and view all the answers

In development discussions, why is the concept of a one-size-fits-all approach challenged?

Due to disparities in economic success Signup and view all the answers

What does sustainable development prioritize?

Meeting the needs of present and future generations without compromising resources Signup and view all the answers

Which economic activities focus on services that support manufacturing but do not produce tangible goods?

Tertiary Economic Activities Signup and view all the answers

How does sustainable development differ from traditional development approaches?

By ensuring long-term resource efficiency and environmental friendliness Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in determining a country's level of development based on workforce distribution?

% of population engaged in primary activities Signup and view all the answers

What do the Quaternary Economic Activities mainly focus on?

Research and development to innovate and improve product development. Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension does quality of life consider, according to the text?

Overall well-being including health, education, freedom, and environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights referenced in the text?

To promote equal rights regardless of gender Signup and view all the answers

How are women's contributions to managing natural resources in developing countries often perceived?

Overlooked in climate change discussions and policies Signup and view all the answers

In what aspect do countries adopting export-led growth strategies experience varied outcomes?

Economic growth rates Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage faced by many of the world's poorest nations due to commodity dependence?

Vulnerability to price fluctuations Signup and view all the answers

Why is literacy rate significant in the context of women's opportunities in Africa?

It influences their potential for employment and advancement Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes free trade from fair trade based on the information provided?

'Unrestricted' exchange vs. 'balanced deal' Signup and view all the answers

How does globalization impact the concentration of economic power, according to the text?

It centralizes economic power in transnational corporations Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea behind the concept of 'South-South Trade'?

'Fair trade' practices between developing nations Signup and view all the answers

'Terms of Trade' often disadvantage less economically developed countries (LEDCs) that primarily export __________.

'raw materials' Signup and view all the answers

'Trade Barriers' like tariffs and quotas are implemented by governments primarily to __________.

'protect domestic industries' Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of soil can be used to determine the conditions under which the soil was formed?

Colour Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects nutrient availability and plant growth in soil?

pH Index Signup and view all the answers

How does soil structure impact soil characteristics?

Affects water infiltration and root penetration Signup and view all the answers

Which natural forces remove topsoil, impacting soil quality and agricultural productivity?

Wind and Water Erosion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why soil is considered a non-renewable resource despite its capacity for renewal?

Slow formation rate Signup and view all the answers

How do poor farming practices exacerbate soil erosion?

By improper ploughing and overgrazing Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text emphasize the urgent need for interventions addressing women's health and empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa?

To highlight the gender disparity in HIV/Aids infection rates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of state-owned enterprises like Eskom in South Africa?

Providing infrastructure for development. Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text suggest that sustained growth eludes many recipient countries of development aid?

Critics argue that development aid perpetuates dependency. Signup and view all the answers

What underscores the complexity of fostering economic growth while ensuring environmental sustainability and social equity according to the text?

The synergistic roles of the state and business sectors. Signup and view all the answers

Why does development aid often aim to stimulate long-term development in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs)?

To address immediate crises such as poverty. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge associated with development aid mentioned in the text?

Critics arguing about perpetuating dependency. Signup and view all the answers

Why are women considered central to the rural economy in sub-Saharan Africa?

Due to their crucial role in food production. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes development aid from humanitarian aid based on the text?

'Immediate crises' are addressed by humanitarian aid. Signup and view all the answers

What makes state-owned enterprises like Eskom crucial for economic growth according to the text?

Creating a conducive environment for economic growth through infrastructure. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to foster economic growth while ensuring environmental sustainability according to the text?

Industrial pollution contributes significantly to environmental degradation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of sustainability as described in the text?

Balanced resource use across social, environmental, and economic aspects Signup and view all the answers

How does the greenhouse effect contribute to climate change?

By releasing gases that trap heat in the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the C Horizon in soil functionality?

Contributes minerals to the soil Signup and view all the answers

Why is time considered a crucial factor in soil quality development?

It influences the rate of weathering Signup and view all the answers

How does sustainable development differ from non-sustainable practices regarding resource use?

Sustainable development considers long-term environmental health Signup and view all the answers

What influences the mineral composition of soil according to the text?

Time and parent material Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the formation of soil layers called horizons?

Weathering of parent rock and incorporation of various elements Signup and view all the answers

How does sustainable resource management contribute to future well-being according to the text?

By ensuring long-term economic and environmental health Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of deforestation as mentioned in the text?

Over-consumption and mining activities Signup and view all the answers

Why is sustainable soil management considered crucial for agricultural practices?

It supports plant growth, water purification, and ecological balance Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes bilateral aid from NGO assistance?

Bilateral aid focuses on self-help projects, while NGO assistance involves grants and loans. Signup and view all the answers

Why can conditional aid sometimes limit local autonomy?

It prioritizes donor interests over local market development. Signup and view all the answers

How does ineffective aid differ from effective aid in terms of economic growth?

Ineffective aid is often tied to conditions limiting local autonomy, while effective aid finances investment in natural resources. Signup and view all the answers

Which resource type is vital for determining economic development and living standards within a country?

Solar energy Signup and view all the answers

How does development aid differ from resource exploitation in terms of sustainability?

Development aid aims to improve health and living standards, while resource exploitation depletes non-renewable resources. Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of geographical information systems (GIS) contribute to development planning?

By facilitating the analysis and management of spatial data critical for planning. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes renewable resources from non-renewable resources?

Renewable resources like solar energy regenerate naturally, unlike non-renewable resources like oil. Signup and view all the answers

How does deforestation impact sustainable resource management?

By creating environmental problems such as soil erosion and climate change. Signup and view all the answers

Why do many developing countries face challenges due to commodity dependence?

Because they rely heavily on non-renewable resources like gold and oil. Signup and view all the answers

What critical geographical skill is necessary for engaging with communities directly affected by development projects?

Use of Atlases and Fieldwork Signup and view all the answers

What does economic development in geography primarily involve?

Increasing a country's wealth through producing goods and services Signup and view all the answers

In the context of development geography, what does social development mainly aim to improve?

The well-being of individuals and communities Signup and view all the answers

Which indicator is closely related to economic development in geography?

Gross national product (GNP) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of cultural development in the context of geography?

Preserving and promoting cultural values and traditions Signup and view all the answers

How does development in geography vary among nations according to the text?

According to unique needs, cultural values, and resources Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension is crucial to understand for a comprehensive view of development in geography?

Economic, social, and environmental dimensions Signup and view all the answers

What does sustainable development aim to achieve?

Meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs Signup and view all the answers

Which sector involves high-level decision-making processes that shape the overall direction of development?

Quaternary Economic Activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) global initiative?

To address various aspects of development and reduce poverty globally Signup and view all the answers

What is a key measure of Quality of Life according to the text?

Overall well-being and health Signup and view all the answers

Which economic sector focuses on services supporting manufacturing but doesn't produce tangible goods?

Quaternary Economic Activities Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the economy of less economically developed countries (LEDCs) from more economically developed countries (MEDCs)?

LEDCs show a significant portion of the workforce in primary activities Signup and view all the answers

What role does Technological Development play in a country's growth?

It leads to more efficient resource use, improved communication, and better services Signup and view all the answers

Standard of Living is often measured by what factors according to the text?

Material wealth, including homes, cars, savings, and financial security Signup and view all the answers

Development Goals and Inequality acknowledge disparities in what factors?

Economic success, health outcomes, technology access, and disparities in development Signup and view all the answers

Primary Economic Activities focus mainly on what type of tasks?

Extraction of natural resources like agriculture, mining, and fishing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of fair trade compared to free trade?

Ensuring producers in developing countries receive fair compensation Signup and view all the answers

How do trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, impact international trade dynamics?

Protect domestic industries from foreign competition Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'commodity dependence' primarily refer to?

Heavy reliance on raw material exports Signup and view all the answers

Why do countries focusing on unprocessed raw materials in export-led growth strategies face challenges?

Limited economic growth due to low product prices Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage faced by countries with a trade deficit?

Spending more on imports than earning from exports Signup and view all the answers

How does globalization contribute to the concentration of economic power according to the text?

Through advancements in communication and trade Signup and view all the answers

Why does fair trade place a strong emphasis on ensuring producers receive fair compensation?

To support sustainable development in exporting countries Signup and view all the answers

'South-South Trade' primarily involves the exchange of goods and services between which entities?

Developing countries exclusively Signup and view all the answers

How do terms of trade impact less economically developed countries (LEDCs)?

By disadvantaging LEDCs that primarily export raw materials Signup and view all the answers

What factor plays a significant role in development by influencing factors like climate, land fertility, and water availability?

Geography Signup and view all the answers

In the context of trade imbalances, what is a common situation where poorer countries export low-value raw materials and import high-value manufactured goods?

Unfair international trade practices Signup and view all the answers

Which model highlights the uneven distribution of economic growth from core to peripheral regions?

Core and Periphery Model Signup and view all the answers

Why does rapid population growth pose a challenge for countries in terms of development?

It increases demand for limited resources Signup and view all the answers

What type of projects are focused on building local economies, alleviating poverty, and promoting sustainable development?

Community-driven projects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern with the transition from fossil fuels to more efficient energy sources, especially for developing countries?

Economic burden Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect significantly hinders a country's development path by creating instability and inefficiency?

Unstable governments Signup and view all the answers

'Relief' in the context of soil characteristics primarily refers to what geographical feature?

'Slope' variations Signup and view all the answers

'Capacity Building', mentioned in the text, is primarily essential for what purpose?

Long-term economic development Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of development emphasizes meeting current needs without compromising future generations?

Sustainability model Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding soil's pH index important for managing soil effectively?

To assess soil acidity or alkalinity affecting nutrient availability and plant growth Signup and view all the answers

How does poor farming practice contribute to soil erosion?

By reducing soil fertility and increasing sedimentation in water bodies Signup and view all the answers

What role does vegetation play in enriching the soil?

Enhancing fertility through the addition of humus Signup and view all the answers

How does soil structure impact water infiltration and root penetration?

By influencing root penetration and water infiltration Signup and view all the answers

What are the on-site effects of soil erosion?

Reducing soil quality and agricultural productivity Signup and view all the answers

Why is the slow formation rate of soil considered to render it a non-renewable resource?

For its inability to replenish at a rate sufficient to meet demand Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of development aid?

Addressing long-term development challenges Signup and view all the answers

Why do critics argue that development aid has perpetuated dependency in recipient nations?

By relying on external assistance instead of cultivating internal solutions Signup and view all the answers

What is the premise on which development aid is based?

Resource scarcity hindering growth Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes development aid from humanitarian aid?

Focus on immediate crises Signup and view all the answers

Why have sustained growth often eluded recipient countries of development aid?

Perpetuation of dependency through aid Signup and view all the answers

What are the challenges associated with development aid despite international efforts?

Perpetuation of dependency Signup and view all the answers

What type of projects does development aid aim to stimulate in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs)?

Long-term development projects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of development aid according to the text?

Addressing long-term development challenges Signup and view all the answers

Why do recipient nations often rely on external assistance instead of internal solutions as per critics of development aid?

To perpetuate dependency on external help Signup and view all the answers

What hinders growth in Third World nations according to the premise of development aid?

Resource scarcity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when resource exploitation leads to depletion?

Overpopulation Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the mineral composition of soil?

Parent Material Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge posed by unsustainable resource exploitation?

Long-term environmental and economic damage Signup and view all the answers

Which horizon of mature soil contains minerals leached from the A horizon?

C Horizon Signup and view all the answers

What is a major environmental issue caused by the burning of fossil fuels?

Global warming Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension does sustainability aim to balance in resource use?

Social, environmental, and economic Signup and view all the answers

Why does soil emerge from the weathering of parent rock?

Incorporation of water and air Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the A Horizon (Topsoil) in soil functionality?

The most fertile layer, rich in organic material. Signup and view all the answers

What influences soil formation by affecting factors like weathering rate and organic matter content?

Climate Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of NGO assistance as mentioned in the text?

Primarily funded through public donations Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can limit local autonomy and empower ruling classes according to the text?

Corruption diverting aid away from developmental purposes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem associated with ineffective aid according to the text?

Failing to reach the intended beneficiaries Signup and view all the answers

Which geographical skill is crucial for analyzing and managing spatial data for development planning?

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text emphasize as being vital for crafting sustainable solutions tailored to developing countries' unique needs?

Geographical expertise Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aid is primarily delivered by large international organizations like the World Bank?

Multilateral Aid Signup and view all the answers

Why can conditions tied to aid sometimes undermine local markets according to the text?

Limit local autonomy and prioritize donor interests Signup and view all the answers

Why has aid been less effective or counterproductive in countries like Zambia, according to the text?

Failing to reach intended beneficiaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the major drawback of creating a debt burden through aid loans?

Impeding economic growth through repayment obligations Signup and view all the answers

How do renewable resources differ from non-renewable resources in terms of sustainability?

The ability to regenerate or be used continuously without depletion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of coal combustion in electricity generation?

To produce steam for propelling turbine blades Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the cost-effectiveness of coal-based electricity generation?

Abundance of coal reserves in South Africa Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of coal combustion for electricity generation?

Production of greenhouse gases Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of electricity generation through coal when considering environmental impact?

Generation of significant waste problems Signup and view all the answers

Why does coal-fired electricity generation offer reliable power generation?

By providing dependable electricity generation capabilities Signup and view all the answers

What crucial component is involved in turning coal combustion into electrical power?

Blades that rotate within the generator Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern related to coal-fired power stations in South Africa?

Geographical limitations in Mpumalanga Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of underground coal mining mentioned in the text?

Health risks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of acidification of soils and water bodies related to coal mining?

Interaction with sulfur-bearing rocks Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor contributing to local pollution issues in Mpumalanga according to the text?

Clustering of power stations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source used in South Africa to drive turbines for electricity generation?

Nuclear energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the key element in photovoltaics that generates an electrical charge when exposed to sunlight?

Silicon Signup and view all the answers

What did South Africa commit to developing through the Sere wind power and Upington solar power projects?

Renewable energy resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of governments in addressing climate change?

Enforcing strict regulations to reduce carbon emissions Signup and view all the answers

How can businesses contribute to environmental sustainability, according to the text?

Adopting greener practices and enhancing waste management Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of reducing the carbon footprint?

It is crucial for mitigating climate change and promoting environmental sustainability Signup and view all the answers

Why are latitude and longitude important in geography?

They are used to measure the north-south and east-west positions on Earth Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of compass points in geographic positioning?

To describe direction from one geographic feature to another Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes true bearing from magnetic bearing?

True bearing measures angles relative to magnetic north, while magnetic bearing measures angles relative to true north Signup and view all the answers

Why is magnetic declination important for navigation in South Africa?

It shows the angular difference between true north and magnetic north Signup and view all the answers

What role do individuals play in promoting environmental health, according to the text?

They are encouraged to adopt sustainable living practices within their communities Signup and view all the answers

How does South Africa demonstrate its commitment to addressing climate change on a global scale?

By hosting international conferences like COP 17 in Durban Signup and view all the answers

Why are greener practices essential for businesses, according to the text?

To contribute to environmental sustainability and cost savings Signup and view all the answers

What type of data includes features like roads or rivers, which have length but negligible width?

Line Data Signup and view all the answers

How is true bearing calculated?

By subtracting the magnetic declination from the magnetic bearing Signup and view all the answers

In GIS, what does Spectral Resolution refer to?

The ability to detect information across different spectral bands Signup and view all the answers

What does a 1:10,000 scale on a South African topographic map signify?

Contours with a 5 m interval Signup and view all the answers

What type of data structure is especially effective for representing continuous data in GIS?

Raster Data Signup and view all the answers

What does vertical exaggeration in a cross-section represent?

An enlarged vertical axis scale Signup and view all the answers

Which element of an atlas provides background, analysis, and insights to help understand the complex data presented?

Text Descriptions Signup and view all the answers

How is intervisibility determined on a topographic map?

By drawing sight lines between points on a cross-section map Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an atlas index?

To guide users in quickly finding specific locations or features Signup and view all the answers

What does gradient measure in geography?

The ratio of horizontal distance to vertical rise Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data classification covers regions such as lakes or national parks?

Area Data (Polygons) Signup and view all the answers

How does a 1 hectare compare to 10,000 m²?

1 hectare equals 50,000 m² Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of constructing a cross-section on a map?

To provide a side view of terrain elevation Signup and view all the answers

In visualizing terrain features, what do close contour lines usually indicate?

Steep slopes Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated energy potential from wind streams in Earth's troposphere compared to humanity's annual energy consumption?

Over 850 terrawatts Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation involves the creation of an 'artificial leaf' that converts sunlight into a chemical fuel for later use?

Artificial Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What are underwater kites anchored to and what is their primary function?

Anchored to the seafloor, they generate energy efficiently in tidal currents Signup and view all the answers

Which type of energy source produces no air or water pollution according to the text?

Wind Power Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to constitute a significant portion of new electricity generation in South Africa over the next two decades?

Wind Power Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect characterizes a green economy according to the United Nations' definition?

Low carbon emissions and efficient resource use Signup and view all the answers

'Sustainable living involves reducing one's carbon footprint by adopting practices that minimize what?'

The Earth's natural resources Signup and view all the answers

'For South Africa, transitioning to a green economy involves enhancing energy efficiency, investing in renewable energy sources, and promoting what?'

Sustainable practices across all sectors of the economy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting fieldwork in research projects?

To directly observe phenomena or behaviors Signup and view all the answers

In the context of conducting fieldwork, what is the significance of identifying patterns in Phase 1 of the guideline?

To identify potential problems for research Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Phase 2 of the fieldwork guideline from Phase 1 in terms of activity?

Phase 1 focuses on hypothesis formulation Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to carefully select methods for data collection in Phase 3 of fieldwork?

To accurately gather relevant data for analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT typically considered during the analytical phase (Phase 4) of fieldwork?

Conducting interviews with stakeholders Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome expected during Phase 5 of fieldwork according to the guideline?

Compilation of research findings into a structured format Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of fieldwork primarily involves studying maps, graphs, and additional information?

Phase 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between low-oblique and high-oblique aerial photographs?

Low-oblique photos show the horizon, while high-oblique do not. Signup and view all the answers

What does the tone of an object on an aerial photograph depend on?

Weather conditions at the time of photography. Signup and view all the answers

How do shadows aid in identifying objects on aerial photographs?

By providing information on the time of day when the photo was taken. Signup and view all the answers

What sets orthophoto maps apart from standard aerial photographs?

Orthophotos provide a scale-accurate image after correction for distortions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of GIS in geospatial data analysis?

To store and manage data efficiently using databases. Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS assist in transforming data for comprehensive analysis?

By converting data into a uniform format for integration. Signup and view all the answers

What does georeferencing aim to achieve in GIS?

To associate each piece of data with a specific location on Earth's surface. Signup and view all the answers

Why are orthophoto maps considered highly reliable for precise measurements?

As they are corrected for lens distortions and topographic relief. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of shadows in aerial photographs for height identification?

Shadows show relative height but not exact measurements. Signup and view all the answers

How do oblique aerial photographs differ from vertical ones in terms of perspective?

Vertical photos have a true top-down view, unlike oblique perspectives. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in the process of generating electricity from coal?

Blowing fine coal powder into boilers Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental issue is NOT directly associated with coal combustion for electricity generation?

Formation of silicon compounds Signup and view all the answers

What key advantage does coal offer compared to other energy sources for electricity generation?

High efficiency in electricity generation Signup and view all the answers

Which element in the coal-based electricity generation process directly facilitates the production of electric current?

Rotation of turbine blades Signup and view all the answers

In the context of coal-fired power stations, what does 'reliability' refer to as an advantage mentioned in the text?

Dependable electricity generation Signup and view all the answers

Which component of coal-based electricity generation significantly contributes to the cost-effectiveness of the process?

Pulverization of coal into fine powder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the use of biofuels in South Africa?

Rising commodity prices Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation aims to generate energy from wind streams in the Earth's troposphere?

High Altitude Wind Power Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge faced by wind power despite being a clean energy source?

Noise and visual impact Signup and view all the answers

Which technology emulates the process of photosynthesis to convert sunlight into a chemical fuel?

Artificial Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of South Africa transitioning towards a green economy?

Minimizing environmental risks Signup and view all the answers

Why is the balance between electricity production and cleaner sources crucial for South Africa?

It supports economic stability and poverty reduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the main environmental concern related to solar power?

Production, installation, and disposal processes Signup and view all the answers

'Underwater Kites' are devices primarily designed for what purpose?

Navigating in tidal currents efficiently Signup and view all the answers

How does sustainable living differ from traditional living practices?

It reduces reliance on natural resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of investing in renewable energy sources in South Africa?

Reducing the environmental impact of fossil fuels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the clustering of power stations in Mpumalanga?

To exacerbate local pollution issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of open-cast mining on landscapes?

Significantly alters landscapes Signup and view all the answers

Why is silicon, sourced from sand, used in the conversion of solar power into electricity?

To create electrical charge Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant threat posed by acid mine drainage from coal mining?

Acidification of soils and water bodies Signup and view all the answers

How does coal combustion contribute to environmental problems?

By producing substantial amounts of CO2 and airborne particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of South Africa's 20-Year Energy Plan?

To diversify the energy mix by including various sources Signup and view all the answers

Why is solar power considered an untapped potential despite its vast availability?

Because only a small fraction is currently utilized Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes nuclear energy from coal-fired power stations in terms of energy generation?

Nuclear energy releases higher amounts of energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Eskom's renewable energy research despite coal's cost-effectiveness?

To explore renewable energy options Signup and view all the answers

How does air pollution from coal combustion affect the environment?

By contributing to smog and health issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct method to find the magnetic bearing from the true bearing?

Add the magnetic declination Signup and view all the answers

What does a close proximity of contour lines on a topographic map typically indicate?

Steep slope Signup and view all the answers

In geography, what does vertical exaggeration aim to achieve in a cross-section map?

Enhance visibility of subtle features Signup and view all the answers

What does gradient measure in relation to geographical features?

Elevation difference between two points Signup and view all the answers

How can intervisibility between points on a terrain be determined?

By drawing sight lines in a cross-section Signup and view all the answers

What does a 1:50,000 scale topographic map's contour interval represent?

20 m elevation change Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of latitude in geographic positioning?

Defining north-south position Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct method for converting square kilometers (km²) to hectares?

Multiply by 100 Signup and view all the answers

In geographic coordinates, what does the primary footprint indicate?

Direct emissions from fossil fuel consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding contour lines in topographic maps?

To represent elevation Signup and view all the answers

How does constructing a cross-section help in understanding landscapes?

By visualizing elevation profile Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding magnetic declination important in South Africa?

To adjust for differences between true north and magnetic north Signup and view all the answers

What does every contour line on a topographic map connect?

Points of equal elevation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of adopting the principle 'Think globally, act locally'?

Taking local actions to impact global environmental health Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes true bearing from magnetic bearing in geographic positioning?

Measurement relative to true north direction Signup and view all the answers

How do greener practices in businesses contribute beyond environmental benefits?

Leading to cost savings and improved public relations Signup and view all the answers

Why are reducing personal carbon footprints and sustainable living practices highlighted for individuals?

To mitigate climate change collectively Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of hosting events like the COP 17 conference in Durban for South Africa?

Demonstrating commitment to addressing climate change globally Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organization plays a pivotal role in enacting legislation to curb carbon emissions?

Governmental bodies Signup and view all the answers

What type of data structure is particularly effective for continuous data representation in GIS?

Raster Data Signup and view all the answers

What is the core focus of businesses adopting greener practices?

Cost savings and environmental benefits Signup and view all the answers

Which component of an atlas provides quantitative views on various issues like population trends and health statistics?

Graphs Signup and view all the answers

What does the spectral resolution of a sensor indicate in remote sensing?

Ability to detect information across various spectral bands Signup and view all the answers

In GIS, which type of data represents specific locations on the earth's surface?

Point Data Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an atlas index in navigating through an atlas?

Guide users in finding specific locations or features quickly Signup and view all the answers

Which component of an atlas offers visual context and helps illustrate changes over time or differences between regions?

Photographs Signup and view all the answers

What specifically does the spatial resolution in remote sensing refer to?

Level of detail in an image Signup and view all the answers

Which type of GIS data structure uses points, lines, and polygons to represent discrete features?

Vector Data Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of text descriptions in an atlas?

To provide background, analysis, and insights Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data classification covers regions like national parks within GIS?

Area Data (Polygons) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of studying a theme in an atlas?

To gain a comprehensive understanding of a specific topic Signup and view all the answers

In fieldwork, why is identifying and defining a problem in Phase 1 considered foundational?

It sets the direction for the entire research project Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of formulating a hypothesis in Phase 2 of fieldwork?

To predict possible reasons for a phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

Why is Phase 4 of fieldwork conducted in a classroom or lab setting?

To process data systematically Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Phase 3 of fieldwork from the other phases?

It focuses on collecting and recording information Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to collect both qualitative and quantitative data in fieldwork?

To gain different perspectives and insights Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Phase 5 of fieldwork?

It includes proposing actionable recommendations Signup and view all the answers

Why does Phase 2 of fieldwork follow Phase 1 in the guideline?

To propose an educated guess after identifying patterns Signup and view all the answers

"Where will the data collection take place?" This question is most relevant to which phase of fieldwork?

"Collect, Describe, and Record Information" Signup and view all the answers

Why is Phase 4 of fieldwork crucial for the research project?

To process and analyze data using appropriate methods Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes high-oblique aerial photographs from low-oblique ones?

The presence of the horizon in the image Signup and view all the answers

How do built structures differ from natural features in terms of shape on aerial photographs?

Natural features have clear boundaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of orthophoto maps over standard aerial photographs?

They include contours and spot heights Signup and view all the answers

Why are orthophoto maps considered highly reliable for precise measurements?

They have lens distortions corrected Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GIS in 'Recalling and Processing Data'?

Manipulating data as per user requirements Signup and view all the answers

Why is georeferencing essential in GIS before utilizing geographic data?

To associate spatial locations with data Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between low-oblique and high-oblique aerial photographs?

The angle at which they are taken Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes low-oblique aerial photographs from high-oblique ones?

They capture the horizon in the image. Signup and view all the answers

How do geographers use aerial photographs and orthophoto maps in urban planning?

To identify patterns and textures of land covers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental impact of coal combustion mentioned in the text?

Emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides Signup and view all the answers

Which advantage of coal-based electricity generation is highlighted in the text?

Dependable electricity generation Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that turns water into steam within coal-fired power stations?

Heating by burning coal Signup and view all the answers

Which factor makes coal the most economical for generating electricity according to the text?

Cost-effectiveness and efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component involved in converting coal combustion into electricity within a power station?

Steam turning turbines Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect contributes to South Africa's advantage in coal-based electricity generation?

Extensive reserves of coal resources Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern related to the adoption of biofuels, according to the text?

Rising commodity prices Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation aims to emulate the photosynthesis process for energy generation?

Artificial Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge faced by wind power as mentioned in the text?

Visual impact Signup and view all the answers

Which renewable energy source primarily faces concerns related to production, installation, and disposal processes?

Solar power Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated energy potential from wind streams in the Earth's troposphere compared to humanity's annual energy consumption?

Significantly larger than humanity's annual energy consumption Signup and view all the answers

'Underwater Kites' are devices anchored to the seafloor that generate energy by navigating in ________.

Ocean currents Signup and view all the answers

'Solar Buildings' innovations include technologies like solar panel roof shingles and ________.

Spray-on thin film solar cells Signup and view all the answers

How can you calculate the true bearing from the magnetic bearing?

Subtract the magnetic declination Signup and view all the answers

What does a steep slope on a topographic map typically look like in relation to contour lines?

Contour lines are close together Signup and view all the answers

What does intervisibility refer to in the context of topographical features?

Ability to see from one point to another without obstacles Signup and view all the answers

How is gradient calculated in geography?

By dividing vertical change by horizontal distance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of constructing a cross-section on a topographic map?

To enhance visibility of terrain features Signup and view all the answers

Why is vertical exaggeration used in drawing cross-sections?

To enhance visibility of small terrain details Signup and view all the answers

In terms of area calculation, how does one convert square kilometers (km²) to hectares?

Multiply by 10,000 Signup and view all the answers

What does a large distance between contour lines indicate on a topographic map?

Gentle slope Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental concern associated with coal combustion by power plants?

Production of sulfuric acid causing acidification of soils and water bodies Signup and view all the answers

Which energy source is mentioned as forming the cornerstone of available non-conventional energy resources?

Solar Radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential element derived from sand that plays a critical role in generating solar power?

Silicon Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective behind South Africa's 20-Year Plan regarding energy sources?

Promoting the use of renewable energy options Signup and view all the answers

What kind of projects were initiated in South Africa through a significant R1.9 billion deal in November 2011?

Renewable Energy Projects: Sere wind power and Upington solar power Signup and view all the answers

What is the process through which nuclear energy is utilized to generate electricity?

Conversion of water into steam to drive turbines Signup and view all the answers

Which geographical region in South Africa faces restrictions in siting power stations due to primary coal fields?

Mpumalanga Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes significantly to altering landscapes due to coal mining?

Acid Mine Drainage producing sulfuric acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of geographic coordinates?

Locating positions on Earth Signup and view all the answers

What does the primary footprint in the carbon footprint concept account for?

Direct emissions from fossil fuel consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for measuring bearings?

To specify direction precisely Signup and view all the answers

In South Africa, what does the Prime Meridian pass through?

Greenwich, England Signup and view all the answers

What do greener practices adopted by businesses aim to achieve?

Reduce costs and improve public relations Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of reducing personal carbon footprints according to the text?

Promote environmental health Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding magnetic declination in South Africa?

Navigating precisely using compasses Signup and view all the answers

How do latitude and longitude differ in their measurement purposes?

Latitude measures north-south position, while longitude measures east-west position. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes true bearing from magnetic bearing?

True bearing is relative to true north, while magnetic bearing is relative to magnetic south. Signup and view all the answers

How does reducing carbon footprints impact the environment and individuals?

Promotes environmental health and sustainable living practices. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in generating electricity from coal?

Pulverizing coal into a fine powder Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental impact is NOT associated with coal combustion?

Ozone layer depletion Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of fly ash in the context of coal combustion?

It contains heavy metals Signup and view all the answers

In generating electricity from coal, what does the turbine rotate within the generator?

Steam Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic makes coal the most economical source for electricity generation?

High abundance in South Africa Signup and view all the answers

What role does the blade of a turbine play in generating electricity from coal?

Rotating a coil in the generator Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes low-oblique aerial photographs from high-oblique ones?

Low-oblique photos have the horizon visible, while high-oblique ones do not. Signup and view all the answers

How does tone variation on aerial photographs depend on various factors?

Reflectivity of the object, weather conditions, and surface moisture. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of enhancing an aerial photograph into an orthophoto map?

To correct distortions due to topographic relief, lens issues, and camera tilt. Signup and view all the answers

Which GIS function involves converting data into a uniform format for comprehensive analysis?

Transforming and Integrating Data Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS assist in complex decision-making processes for planning and management?

By analyzing spatial relationships and patterns for insights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of georeferencing in GIS?

To ensure each piece of data is associated with a specific location on Earth's surface. Signup and view all the answers

'Displaying Data' as a function in GIS primarily involves:

Visualizing spatial data using maps and information tables. Signup and view all the answers

'Analysing Data' within GIS mainly helps in:

Examining spatial relationships and patterns for decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

'Recalling and Processing Data' in GIS involves:

Querying and manipulating the data to extract relevant information as per user requirements. Signup and view all the answers

What does higher spatial resolution signify in an image?

More detailed information Signup and view all the answers

Which GIS data type represents features like roads or rivers that have length but negligible width?

Line Data Signup and view all the answers

Why is raster data considered especially effective for continuous data in GIS?

It consists of a grid of cells representing information Signup and view all the answers

In GIS, which structure is suited for detailed and precise representations of geographic features?

Vector Data Signup and view all the answers

Which component in an atlas provides visual context to complement the maps?

Photographs and Diagrams Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an atlas index?

To guide users in quickly finding specific locations or features Signup and view all the answers

Which tool at the back of an atlas lists every place name alphabetically?

Alphabetical Listing Signup and view all the answers

'Raster Data' in GIS consists of:

Grid of cells Signup and view all the answers

'Vector Data' is especially suited for which type of data representation?

Discrete features Signup and view all the answers

'Point Data' in GIS represents what kind of locations on the earth's surface?

Specific locations such as springs or monuments Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fieldwork, what is the primary purpose of Phase 3 according to the guideline?

Collect, describe, and record information Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an atlas as described in the text?

Versatile and organized for quick reference Signup and view all the answers

Why is the identification of stakeholders important in Phase 1 of fieldwork according to the guideline?

To understand the impact of the problem Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Phase 5 in conducting fieldwork based on the guideline?

Formulating actionable recommendations Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect characterizes Phase 2 of fieldwork?

Creating hypotheses based on initial observations Signup and view all the answers

Why are maps, graphs, and additional information crucial in studying a theme?

To gain a comprehensive understanding of the theme Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental purpose of engaging in Phase 1 of fieldwork?

To identify the specific problem for research Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of geographical information systems (GIS) contribute to development planning?

By visualizing spatial data effectively Signup and view all the answers

Why is studying maps an essential step when exploring a theme in an atlas?

To find the exact location based on map references Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Phase 4 of fieldwork from other phases according to the guideline?

Processing and analyzing collected data Signup and view all the answers

Which technology emulates the photosynthesis process to transform sunlight into a chemical fuel?

Artificial Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is estimated to be the energy potential from wind streams in Earth's troposphere compared to humanity's annual energy consumption?

Over 850 terrawatts Signup and view all the answers

Which energy source produces no air or water pollution according to the information provided?

Solar Power Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge faced by wind power, as stated in the text?

Visual Impact Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a green economy as defined by the United Nations?

'Minimizing' Environmental Risks Signup and view all the answers

What are underwater kites anchored to and what is their primary function?

Anchored to Seafloor, Generate Energy from Tidal Currents Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of new electricity generation in South Africa is expected to come from renewable sources over the next two decades?

42% Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation includes technologies like solar panel roof shingles and spray-on thin film solar cells?

'Solar Buildings' Signup and view all the answers

'Greener Economies' prioritize human well-being and social equity while minimizing what?

'Resource Use' Signup and view all the answers

'Sustainable living' involves adopting practices that minimize the use of the Earth's natural resources and reduce what?

'Carbon Footprint' Signup and view all the answers

How does coal combustion contribute to environmental and health problems?

By generating substantial amounts of CO2, SO2, airborne particles, and fly ash Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of acid mine drainage in coal mining?

Production of sulfuric acid from water contact with sulfur-bearing rocks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Sere wind power and Upington solar power projects in South Africa?

To develop renewable energy through wind and solar power Signup and view all the answers

Which energy source is utilized to convert water into steam for electricity generation in nuclear power plants?

Nuclear energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method through which solar power is converted into electricity?

Photovoltaics Signup and view all the answers

Why does South Africa explore renewable energy options despite coal being the most cost-effective choice?

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental impact of open-cast coal mining?

Altering landscapes significantly Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the clustering of power stations in Mpumalanga, South Africa?

To exacerbate local pollution issues Signup and view all the answers

How does underground mining pose health risks?

By increasing fatalities, injuries, and chronic health issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy derived from the nucleus of an atom?

Nuclear Energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of South Africa hosting the COP 17 conference in Durban?

Highlighting its commitment to addressing climate change on a global scale Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of environmental sustainability involves reducing direct emissions from fossil fuel consumption?

Reducing the primary carbon footprint Signup and view all the answers

In geographical coordinates, the equator is at what degree of latitude?

0° Signup and view all the answers

Which element allows for precise location pinpointing on Earth?

Degrees, minutes, and seconds system Signup and view all the answers

In geographic positioning, what is the purpose of using the Prime Meridian?

To measure east-west position Signup and view all the answers

What defines the secondary footprint in terms of the carbon footprint?

Indirect emissions associated with product lifecycle Signup and view all the answers

What does the angle of magnetic declination represent?

Difference between true north and magnetic north Signup and view all the answers

In soil management, what does reducing personal carbon footprints mainly aim to achieve?

Mitigating climate change impacts Signup and view all the answers

What does a place at 23° 12' 16" South, 30° 55' 30" East describe in geographic coordinates?

Location in South Africa Signup and view all the answers

How can the area of irregular shapes be calculated?

By breaking the shape into smaller regular shapes and calculating their areas separately Signup and view all the answers

What does a close proximity of contour lines on a topographic map indicate?

A steep slope Signup and view all the answers

In calculating gradient, what does a ratio of 1:50 imply?

For every 50 meters horizontally, there is a 1-meter vertical rise Signup and view all the answers

What does 'vertical exaggeration' aim to achieve in drawing cross-sections?

To enhance visibility of subtle terrain features Signup and view all the answers

Why is the concept of 'intervisibility' important in geography?

To assess the visibility between two points over the terrain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of constructing a cross-section through a landscape?

To visualize terrain features in three dimensions Signup and view all the answers

Why do different contour line intervals exist on topographic maps?

To show points of equal elevation above sea level Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for converting square meters to hectares?

To simplify calculations for agricultural land areas Signup and view all the answers

What are contour lines on topographic maps primarily used for?

Connecting points of equal elevation above sea level Signup and view all the answers

In interpreting contour lines on topographic maps, what do closely spaced contour lines suggest?

A steep slope Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of vertical aerial photographs over oblique aerial photographs for mapping purposes?

They offer a consistent scale and true top-down view Signup and view all the answers

How can tone on an aerial photograph be affected by weather conditions?

Tone is lighter on overcast days Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aerial photograph helps in identifying spatial qualities such as height and depth of objects?

Vertical aerial photographs Signup and view all the answers

How do orthophoto maps differ from standard aerial photographs in terms of accuracy?

Orthophoto maps have lens distortions corrected Signup and view all the answers

Which GIS function involves converting data into a uniform format for comprehensive analysis?

Transforming and Integrating Data Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'texture' refer to when analyzing features on aerial photographs?

The smoothness or roughness of surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Why are shadows cast by objects important in aerial photography analysis?

To identify objects and their spatial qualities Signup and view all the answers

Which GIS function focuses on querying and manipulating data to extract relevant information?

Recalling and Processing Data Signup and view all the answers

What role does shape play in identifying landforms on aerial photographs?

'Shape' gives clues about whether the landform is natural or man-made Signup and view all the answers

How do oblique high-oblique aerial photographs differ from oblique low-oblique aerial photographs?

<ul> <li>High-oblique photos show the horizon, low-oblique photos do not.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers propose at the end of the fieldwork process?

Suggest actionable recommendations or solutions based on findings. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to study maps, graphs, and additional information when analyzing a theme?

To provide a comprehensive understanding of the theme. Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of fieldwork does the processing and analysis of collected data primarily take place?

Phase 4: Analyse and Interpret Information Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of engaging in extensive reading and observation to identify patterns during Phase 1 of fieldwork?

To set the direction for the entire project by identifying a problem. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to determine the type of data required and the methods for collecting it in fieldwork?

To ensure efficient and relevant data collection. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Phase 3 of fieldwork from other phases?

It entails collecting, describing, and recording information. Signup and view all the answers

What should a hypothesis in Phase 2 of fieldwork clearly state?

A possible reason for a phenomenon or a potential solution to an identified problem. Signup and view all the answers

Where does Phase 1 of fieldwork, focused on identifying and defining a problem, usually take place?

In a library or classroom setting with accessible secondary research resources. Signup and view all the answers

'What patterns emerge from the data?' is a key question asked during which phase of fieldwork?

'Phase 4: Analyse and Interpret Information' Signup and view all the answers

'How will the data be collected?' is a question primarily addressed in which phase of fieldwork?

'Phase 3: Collect, Describe, and Record Information' Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of GIS data classification is specifically referenced in the text?

Attribute Data Signup and view all the answers

In GIS, what type of data is suitable for representing features like rivers or roads?

Line Data Signup and view all the answers

Which GIS data structure is especially effective for continuous data representation?

Raster Data Signup and view all the answers

What does spectral resolution in remote sensing primarily enable?

Detection of surface materials' attributes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-spatial element in an atlas?

Charts and Tables Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical feature present in an atlas index that assists users in locating specific geographic features?

Map References Signup and view all the answers

What type of data structure in GIS uses points, lines, and polygons for digital representation?

Vector Data Signup and view all the answers

Raster Data in GIS is best suited for representing what type of information?

Continuous Data Signup and view all the answers

Spectral Resolution primarily refers to the ability of a sensor to detect information across which spectrum?

Electromagnetic Spectrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of pulverizing coal into a fine powder in the process of generating electricity from coal?

To increase the efficiency of coal combustion in boilers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a waste problem associated with coal combustion?

Release of clean water into the environment Signup and view all the answers

What role does the generator play in the process of generating electricity from coal?

Producing electric current Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to coal being considered the most economical energy source for generating electricity?

Cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental concern associated with coal combustion according to the text?

Emissions of greenhouse gases Signup and view all the answers

Which advantage does South Africa NOT have when it comes to coal-based electricity generation?

Costly infrastructure development Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges faced by wind power according to the text?

Noise pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a green economy according to the United Nations?

Efficient resource use Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated annual energy consumption of humanity referenced in the text?

$17$ terrawatts Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation involves devices that are anchored to the seafloor and can navigate in tidal currents to generate energy efficiently?

Underwater Kites Signup and view all the answers

Which energy source mentioned in the text is highlighted for its clean characteristics with no air or water pollution during operation?

Solar power Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to constitute a significant percentage of all new electricity generation in South Africa over the next two decades?

Renewable energy sources Signup and view all the answers

Which country is navigating the challenge of addressing energy needs while promoting sustainable development according to the text?

South Africa Signup and view all the answers

'Artificial Photosynthesis' involves creating an artificial leaf that transforms sunlight into what kind of fuel?

Chemical fuel that can be stored and utilized later Signup and view all the answers

'Solar Buildings' are innovating by integrating solar energy generation into building designs using technologies like:

'Solar panel roof shingles' and 'thin film solar cells' Signup and view all the answers

'Greener Economies' prioritize human well-being and social equity while minimizing what kind of risks according to the United Nations?

Environmental risks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental concern associated with acid mine drainage from coal mining?

Pollution of underground water sources Signup and view all the answers

Which renewable energy source has the potential to power the entire Earth for a year with just one hour of energy output?

Solar radiation Signup and view all the answers

Why is silicon used in converting solar power to electricity?

To generate electrical charge Signup and view all the answers

Which region in South Africa faces significant local pollution issues due to the clustering of power stations?

Mpumalanga Signup and view all the answers

What does vertical exaggeration aim to achieve in drawing cross-sections?

Enhance the visibility of terrain features by reducing their size Signup and view all the answers

When contour lines are close together on a topographic map, what do they signify?

A steep slope Signup and view all the answers

In South Africa's 20-year plan, what percentage of the energy mix is allocated to renewable energy by 2030?

16% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of coal combustion for electricity generation on air quality?

Contribution to smog and acid rain Signup and view all the answers

How is gradient calculated in geography?

By dividing the vertical change by the horizontal distance Signup and view all the answers

Which non-conventional energy source stands as the cornerstone of available resources but sees minimal current utilization?

Solar radiation Signup and view all the answers

In terms of topography, what does intervisibility refer to?

The clear line of sight between two points without obstructions Signup and view all the answers

What does a contour interval of 5 m on a topographic map at 1:10,000 scale represent?

5 m elevation changes per contour line Signup and view all the answers

Why are contour lines essential on topographic maps?

To represent elevation changes and landforms Signup and view all the answers

What does a ratio of 1:30 in gradient measurement imply?

$1$ meter vertical rise for every $30$ meters horizontally Signup and view all the answers

'Contours connect points of equal elevation above mean sea level' refers to which concept?

Contour Lines depiction Signup and view all the answers

'To convert m² to hectares, divide by 10,000' is relevant when dealing with:

Area calculations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of South Africa's hosting of the COP 17 conference in Durban?

Addressing climate change globally Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of adopting greener practices by businesses?

Enhancing public relations Signup and view all the answers

What is included in an individual's secondary carbon footprint?

Indirect emissions from products used Signup and view all the answers

What is latitude primarily used for in geographic positioning?

Determining north-south position Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of compass points in directional orientation?

Providing cardinal directions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between true bearing and magnetic bearing?

True bearing measures relative to magnetic north, magnetic bearing measures relative to true north Signup and view all the answers

What does each minute in geographic coordinates further subdivide into?

Seconds Signup and view all the answers

What measurement system allows for precise pinpointing of locations on Earth?

Latitude and longitude system Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for magnetic declination causing variance between true north and magnetic north?

Geological and magnetic anomalies Signup and view all the answers

Why does South Africa's geographic location cause its magnetic north to lie west of true north?

Localized geological conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element for identifying features on aerial photographs based on their shape and pattern?

Tone Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aerial photograph provides a true top-down view and a consistent scale ideal for mapping?

Vertical Aerial Photograph Signup and view all the answers

Which function of a Geographical Information System (GIS) involves converting data into a uniform format and integrating it with other data types?

Transforming and Integrating Data Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of orthophoto maps compared to standard aerial photographs?

Enhancing with cartographic details for scale-accurate images Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of spatial referencing in GIS before utilizing geographic data?

Associates each piece of data with a specific location on the earth's surface Signup and view all the answers

How do oblique aerial photographs differ from vertical aerial photographs?

Oblique photographs show the horizon while vertical ones do not. Signup and view all the answers

What role does shadow play in identifying objects on aerial photographs?

Helps in determining the position of the sun relative to the landscape Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of analyzing spatial relationships and patterns in GIS?

"Assisting in complex decision-making processes for planning and management" Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of GIS data is pointed out by the spectral resolution of a sensor?

Color and material distinctions on the Earth's surface Signup and view all the answers

In GIS, raster data is best suited for representing which type of information?

Continuous data Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of an atlas index?

Guide users in quickly finding specific locations or features Signup and view all the answers

What kind of features does vector data represent in GIS?

Discrete geographic entities like points, lines, and polygons Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes line data from point data in GIS?

Line data have a negligible width compared to point data Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a crucial role in determining whether raster or vector data structures are preferred in GIS?

Type of spatial analysis to be performed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Formulate a Hypothesis in the structured guideline for conducting fieldwork?

To propose an educated guess based on insights Signup and view all the answers

Where is Phase 3: Collect, Describe, and Record Information primarily conducted in the guideline for conducting fieldwork?

Field where the phenomenon occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the key objective of Phase 4: Analyse and Interpret Information in the context of fieldwork?

Processing data using statistical methods Signup and view all the answers

Why is Presenting Findings and Making Recommendations considered a crucial phase in conducting fieldwork?

To propose actionable solutions based on findings Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fieldwork, what activity does Phase 1: Identify and Define a Problem entail?

Extensive reading and observation Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Phase 2: Formulate a Hypothesis from other phases in the guideline for conducting fieldwork?

Proposing an educated guess based on insights Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

What does development in geography refer to?

Which indicator is NOT associated with economic development?

What does cultural development in geography aim to do?

Which aspect of development focuses on improving the well-being of individuals and communities?

How is economic development closely tied to resources exploitation?

Why is it important to consider multiple dimensions in understanding development?

Why is understanding soil's physical properties crucial for its management and utilization?

What effect does soil erosion have on topsoil?

How do poor farming practices contribute to soil erosion?

Which strategy is recommended for addressing soil erosion?

Why is soil considered a non-renewable resource despite its capacity for renewal?

How does the relief affect soil characteristics?

What is a significant factor influencing development according to the text?

Why is the transition from fossil fuels to more efficient energy sources challenging?

What can strain resources and make it harder for countries to develop?

Which development model highlights the uneven nature of economic growth and development?

What has been a strategic shift since 1994, supporting community empowerment through a bottom-up approach?

Which aspect is crucial for resilient community development according to the text?

Why is international trade considered a major component of economic activity for countries?

Which activity involves research and development to innovate and improve product development?

What does sustainable development emphasize?

Why are technological advancements significant for a country's growth?

In which sector do service industries that offer support to manufacturing belong?

What does the concept of the development continuum acknowledge?

Which global initiative aimed to reduce poverty, improve health, and enhance quality of life worldwide by 2015?

What does quality of life encompass beyond material wealth?

Which sector involves high-level decision-making processes that shape the overall direction of development?

How is standard of living often measured?

What distinguishes bilateral aid from multilateral aid?

Which aid type comes with specific performance requirements for the recipient?

What is a common negative outcome of providing aid as loans?

Which organization type is primarily funded through public donations?

What critical geographical skill is necessary for planning and evaluating development projects?

Which resource type offers a sustainable option due to its ability to regenerate or be used continuously without depletion?

'Focusing on small-scale, self-help projects' is a characteristic of which type of aid?

Which organization type focuses on broader, global initiatives in aid distribution?

What is the role of renewable resources in reducing resource consumption?

What is the primary cause of resource depletion as mentioned in the text?

How does deforestation contribute to environmental problems?

Which layer of soil is the most fertile and rich in organic material?

What influences the formation and quality of soil according to the text?

Which dimension is NOT part of the concept of sustainability?

What does the O Horizon of soil mainly consist of?

What role does the B Horizon (Subsoil) play in soil functionality?

How does time influence soil quality according to the text?

What is the impact of climate on soil formation?

Why is sustainable resource management emphasized as a pivotal skill for future generations?

What does a surplus in the balance of trade indicate?

What is an example of a trade barrier governments may impose?

Why do many of the world's poorest nations face challenges due to commodity dependence?

What is the focus of fair trade compared to free trade?

Why is understanding gender issues and applying gender analysis crucial in development processes?

What did the 2010 Cancun agreements recognize regarding gender equality and climate change?

Why is there a significant gender gap in literacy rates in Africa?

What does globalization refer to?

Which group primarily exports raw materials and imports manufactured goods according to the text?

What is one challenge posed by globalization according to the text?

What is the primary goal of development aid?

Which region faces a severe HIV/Aids epidemic according to the text?

In the context of South Africa, what is the role of state-owned enterprises like Eskom?

What does development aid aim to stimulate in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs)?

What underscores the urgent need for sustainable environmental management practices according to the text?

What is a key responsibility of the state in driving economic growth?

Why are women considered central to the rural economy?

What is a significant challenge associated with sustained growth in recipient nations according to the text?

What is the primary focus of cultural development in geography?

Which economic indicator is closely associated with a country's economic development?

What determines the varying nature of development processes among nations?

Which aspect is crucial for understanding the multifaceted concept of development?

What is an essential element of economic development in geography?

How does social development contribute to the overall concept of development?

What can hinder a country's development path by creating instability and inefficiency?

Which model emphasizes sustainable development to ensure long-term viability?

What is crucial for resilient community development according to the text?

What drives international trade according to the text?

Which aspect of development focuses on alleviating poverty and promoting sustainable development?