467 Questions
What does development in geography refer to?
A multifaceted process that evolves and improves quality of life for populations
Which aspect of development involves increasing a country's wealth by producing goods and services?
Economic Development
What does social development focus on?
Improving the well-being of individuals and communities
Which indicator reflects a country's economic development?
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
How is cultural development defined?
Ensuring alignment of growth with population identity and heritage
Which dimension is necessary to understand the concept of development comprehensively?
Economic, social, technological, and environmental dimensions
What does a trade surplus indicate?
The country earns more from exports than it spends on imports
What is the primary focus of fair trade compared to free trade?
Ensuring producers in developing countries receive fair compensation
What is the role of women in addressing climate change, according to the text?
Recognizing the importance of women's participation in climate change action
What is the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights for women?
It asserts the principle of equal rights irrespective of gender
How do terms of trade affect less economically developed countries (LEDCs)?
They disadvantage LEDCs that primarily export raw materials
Which factor does the text suggest as a significant hindrance to a country's development?
Population growth
What do governments use to protect domestic industries according to the text?
Impose tariffs, quotas, and restrictions
Which model emphasizes sustainable development for long-term viability?
Sustainability Model
What does the Core and Periphery Model highlight regarding economic growth?
Diminishing economic activity from core to peripheral regions
What is the focus of fair trade policies?
Ensuring fair compensation for producers in developing countries
How does globalization impact economic development, according to the text?
Facilitates economic growth and knowledge sharing
Why is capacity building considered essential for long-term economic development and community empowerment?
To enhance long-term economic development and community empowerment
What does the text suggest as a major component of economic activity for countries?
International trade
In international trade, why do countries engage in importing goods according to the text?
To fulfill needs they lack or produce less efficiently
What is a challenge highlighted in the text regarding the transition to more efficient energy sources?
'Challenging' aspect, especially for developing countries
Which aspect does the text suggest plays a significant role in perpetuating underdevelopment?
Environmental Degradation
What is a common characteristic of countries in extreme climates according to the text?
Less developed than those in temperate regions
Which word best summarizes the uneven nature of economic growth and development according to the Core and Periphery Model?
Uneven
What is the main focus of social development?
Enhancing quality of life and standard of living
Which sector involves high-level decision-making processes in a society's development?
Quinary Economic Activities
What was the goal of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) initiative?
Enhance quality of life worldwide
What does sustainable development primarily emphasize?
Meeting present needs without compromising future generations
Which economic activity involves research and development for product innovation?
Quaternary Economic Activities
How is the quality of life different from the standard of living?
Quality of life is broader and considers factors affecting happiness; standard of living does not.
Which aspect is NOT a factor affecting development according to the text?
Cultural preservation
What is the primary role of tertiary economic activities?
Providing support services like banking and transport
What does technological development contribute to a country's growth?
Improving communication and services through technological advancement
How do less economically developed countries (LEDCs) differ from more economically developed countries (MEDCs) in terms of workforce distribution?
LEDCs have more population engaged in primary activities; MEDCs have a higher portion in tertiary/quaternary sectors.
What role do vegetation and soil organisms play in soil fertility?
Enhance soil fertility by enriching it with organic matter
How does soil structure impact root penetration and water infiltration?
Affects both water infiltration and root penetration
What is the primary goal of development aid?
Fostering economic growth
Why is soil considered a non-renewable resource despite its capacity for renewal?
It forms at a slow rate compared to its depletion
Who plays essential roles in driving economic development in South Africa?
Government, businesses, and individuals
What are the primary causes of soil erosion accelerated by human activities?
Poor farming practices such as overgrazing and improper ploughing
What contributes significantly to environmental pollution according to the text?
Industrial activities
Which management strategy can help reduce soil erosion risk?
Implementing rotational grazing
Why is it important to raise public awareness about sustainable practices in relation to soil conservation?
To promote sustainable management of soil resources
What underscores the urgent need for sustainable environmental management practices?
Overexploitation of resources
Why is it important to address gender disparities according to the conclusion?
To achieve sustainable development
What role do state-owned enterprises like Eskom play in South African development?
Providing necessary infrastructure for development
What has development aid inadvertently perpetuated according to critics?
Reliance on external assistance
What is the urgent need for interventions that address according to the text?
'Equal rewards'
'Women are central to the rural economy' - What does this statement imply?
'Women's role in food production is significant'
'Industrial pollution, habitat loss, and overexploitation of resources lead to degradation' - What is being degraded as a result of these actions?
'Quality of life'
What is the primary concern when resource exploitation leads to depletion?
Consumption faster than replenishment
Which factor does not contribute to resource depletion?
Conservation efforts
What environmental issue is exacerbated by deforestation?
Increased greenhouse gases
Which horizon of soil is rich in organic material?
A Horizon (Topsoil)
What influences the mineral composition of soil?
Parent Material
Which horizon of soil contains minerals leached from the A horizon?
B Horizon (Subsoil)
What critical dimensions does sustainability encompass?
Social, environmental, economic
What can lead to resource depletion?
Over-consumption
What factor significantly influences soil formation depth suitable for agriculture?
Time
What is the primary focus of bilateral aid?
Direct assistance to a recipient country
Which type of aid is distributed by large international organizations like the United Nations?
Multilateral Aid
What is a common drawback of ineffective aid mentioned in the text?
Empowers ruling classes
Which geographical skill is essential for planning and evaluating development projects?
Mapwork Skills
What is a key outcome of aid mentioned in the text?
Supports economic and social policies
Which organization delivers NGO assistance focusing on small-scale, self-help projects?
Red Cross
Why are renewable resources considered sustainable?
They can be used continuously without depletion
Which type of aid comes with specific performance requirements for the recipient?
Conditional Aid
What do aerial photographs and orthophoto maps provide insights into?
Geographical challenges and opportunities
What does development in geography refer to?
Improving the quality of life for populations
Which aspect is NOT a factor affecting development according to the text?
Political stability
What underscores the urgent need for sustainable environmental management practices?
Deforestation
Which horizon of soil is rich in organic material?
A horizon
What is a key outcome of aid mentioned in the text?
Increased dependency
What role do vegetation and soil organisms play in soil fertility?
Enhancing soil fertility
What does a trade surplus indicate for a country?
The country earns more from exports than it spends on imports
What is the primary focus of fair trade compared to free trade?
Ensuring producers in developing countries receive a fair deal
Why are women's contributions significant in addressing global challenges like climate change?
They play a crucial role in managing natural resources
What is the role of education in women's employment and advancement?
It is a critical barrier to women's employment and advancement
Which agreement recognized the importance of gender equality and women's participation in climate change action?
2010 Cancun agreements
What is one disadvantage faced by countries heavily reliant on exporting primary products?
Vulnerability to price fluctuations
How do trade barriers impact international trade dynamics?
By protecting domestic industries through tariffs and quotas
What contributes to the increasing interconnectedness of the world's economies according to the text?
Advancements in communication, transportation, and trade
In what way do countries adopting export-led growth strategies experience mixed results?
Inconsistent economic growth outcomes
Which factor can significantly hinder a country's development path by creating instability and inefficiency?
Unstable governments
What is the focus of the Sustainability Model discussed in the text?
Sustainable development incorporating economic, social, and environmental considerations
What has been a strategic shift towards community empowerment since 1994?
Policies supporting community empowerment through a bottom-up approach
What do countries engage in trade for according to the text?
To import what they lack and export surplus or goods produced more efficiently
Which model faces criticism for its lack of applicability to all countries, particularly those not experiencing rapid industrialization?
Rostow Model
What type of aid involves direct assistance from a donor country to a recipient country?
Bilateral Aid
Which type of aid is primarily delivered by non-governmental organizations focusing on small-scale, self-help projects?
NGO Assistance
What is stated as a major component of economic activity for countries, influencing their prosperity and development?
International trade
What is a common outcome of ineffective aid mentioned in the text?
Creating a debt burden
Which aspect is emphasized as essential for long-term economic development and community empowerment?
Capacity building
What focuses on building local economies, alleviating poverty, and promoting sustainable development in rural and urban areas?
Community-driven projects
What is the primary focus of social development?
Ensuring everyone has the opportunity to succeed
Which aspect does effective aid support according to the text?
Improving health and living standards
Why are renewable resources considered sustainable according to the text?
As they can be regenerated or used continuously without depletion
How is the standard of living typically measured?
By financial security and ownership of consumer goods
In economic terms, what does tertiary economic activities involve?
Service industries that do not produce tangible goods
What geographical skill is crucial for planning and evaluating development projects?
Mapwork Skills
What was the goal of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
To reduce poverty and improve health worldwide
Which type of organizations are responsible for distributing multilateral aid according to the text?
Large international organizations
What does sustainable development emphasize according to the text?
The needs of the present without compromising future generations
What does the concept of sustainable development emphasize?
Using technologies that are environmentally friendly and resource-efficient
What do less economically developed countries (LEDCs) often have a significant portion of their population engaged in?
Primary Economic Activities
What role do non-governmental organizations like Oxfam and the Red Cross play in aid delivery according to the text?
Focusing on small-scale, self-help projects primarily funded through public donations
How does effective aid contribute to development according to the text?
By improving health and living standards through clean water and sanitation projects
What is the primary role of quaternary economic activities?
Product innovation from natural resources
What is the broader measure that quality of life encompasses, according to the text?
Health, education, freedom, and environment factors contributing to happiness
What is the main focus of primary economic activities?
Extraction of natural resources like agriculture and mining
Why is sustainable development considered important for future generations?
It ensures meeting present needs without affecting future generation's ability to meet theirs
Why is understanding soil's texture crucial for its management and utilization?
To evaluate water infiltration and root penetration in the soil
How does soil pH affect plant growth and nutrient availability?
It affects the availability of nutrients for plants
What role do regulatory measures play in soil conservation?
Setting limits on livestock to prevent excessive erosion
How does poor ploughing contribute to soil erosion?
By exacerbating erosion processes
What is the primary reason for considering soil as a non-renewable resource despite its capacity for renewal?
Slow formation rate
Why is maintaining vegetation cover essential in reducing soil erosion risk?
By improving water infiltration and root penetration
What is the primary goal of development aid?
To reduce poverty sustainably in developing countries
Why do critics argue against development aid?
It fosters dependency on external assistance
What is the role of state-owned enterprises like Eskom in South African development?
Driving economic growth through infrastructure provision
Which sector is vital for funding development projects and leveraging government-created opportunities?
Business sector
What is the urgent need highlighted in the text regarding women's health and empowerment?
Addressing unequal rewards and quality of life
How does development aid differ from humanitarian aid?
Development aid fosters long-term development, while humanitarian aid addresses immediate crises.
What is the primary responsibility of the state in driving economic growth according to the text?
Enforcing legislation and sustainable development strategies
In what area do women primarily contribute to the rural economy in sub-Saharan Africa?
Food production
'Stimulating long-term development in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs)' is based on what premise?
Financial resource scarcity in LEDCs
'Ensuring women’s inclusion and addressing gender disparities' are fundamental for achieving what according to the text?
'Sustainable developmen'
What is the primary cause of resource depletion according to the text?
Over-consumption
Which horizon of soil contains minerals leached from the A horizon?
B Horizon (Subsoil)
What critical dimensions does sustainability encompass according to the text?
Social, environmental, and economic
What is the primary focus of fair trade compared to free trade as mentioned in the text?
Providing equitable wages and conditions for producers
How is soil formed according to the provided text?
Via the weathering of parent rock
Which factor significantly influences soil formation depth suitable for agriculture?
Parent Material
What do sustainable practices in soil conservation include based on the text?
Ecotourism and recycling
What is a common concern highlighted regarding resource exploitation in the text?
Depletion leading to environmental problems
What impacts do the burning of fossil fuels have according to the text?
Release of gases trapping heat contributing to climate change
Which geographical skill is essential for planning and evaluating development projects according to the text?
Spatial analysis
What does economic development in geography primarily focus on?
Enhancing a country's capacity to produce goods and services
Which indicator is closely tied to economic development in geography?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
What aspect of development focuses on integrating cultural values into the growth process?
Cultural Development
Which activity is NOT considered essential for economic development in geography?
Promoting environmental sustainability
What does social development primarily aim to improve?
Well-being of individuals and communities
Which dimension is vital for a comprehensive understanding of development in geography?
Environmental factors
What is a significant factor influencing a country's development according to the text?
Access to resources
Which model highlights the uneven distribution of economic growth across different regions?
Core and Periphery Model
What is a critical aspect of global economy defined as the exchange of goods and services between countries?
International trade
What is essential for long-term economic development and community empowerment?
Capacity building
What can strain resources, making it harder for countries to develop?
Rapid population growth
Which economic model proposes five stages of economic growth but faces criticism for its lack of applicability to all countries?
Rostow Model
'Unstable Governments' are mentioned as hindrances to a country's development due to their impact on:
Inefficiency and instability
What is emphasized as crucial for meeting current needs without compromising future generations?
Sustainable development
What is considered a major component of economic activity for countries that influences their prosperity and development?
International trade
What does social development aim to achieve?
Improving quality of life and standard of living
Which sector focuses on research and development for product innovation?
Quinary Economic Activities
What is the primary goal of the Millennium Development Goals initiative?
Reducing poverty and improving health globally
Which term describes the economy's diversified sectors contributing to a country's development?
Multisectoral economy
What does sustainable development emphasize?
Balancing present needs with future generations' needs
Which factor impacts a country's level of development based on workforce distribution?
Workforce distribution across different economic sectors
What is the focus of quaternary economic activities?
Research and development for innovation
How is quality of life different from standard of living?
Standard of living focuses on material wealth, while quality of life considers broader well-being factors.
What do tertiary economic activities encompass?
Offering support services to manufacturing and other industries
Which statement accurately summarizes sustainable development?
'Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations.'
What is the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights for women?
It asserts the principle of equal rights irrespective of gender.
What does the comparison between export and import prices determine?
Terms of trade
What is a common outcome of countries heavily reliant on exporting primary products?
Increased vulnerability to price fluctuations
What is the primary emphasis of fair trade compared to free trade?
Ensuring fair wages for workers
What role do governments play by imposing tariffs and quotas?
Protecting domestic industries
Why are women's contributions often overlooked in discussions about climate change?
As a result of societal gender biases
What is the main barrier to women's employment and advancement according to the text?
Gender gap in literacy rates
What is a challenge faced by countries relying on unprocessed raw materials for export-led growth?
Low value-added products
What aspect does fair trade aim to ensure in trade practices?
Fair deal for producers in developing countries
Why is education considered a critical barrier for women's advancement as per the text?
Significant gender gap in literacy rates
What is the primary goal of development aid?
Supporting sustainable reduction of poverty
Why are recipient countries criticized for their reliance on development aid?
They lack internal solutions for development
What sector plays a crucial role in driving economic development in South Africa?
State-owned enterprises
Why is sustainable environmental management practices considered urgent?
To address the adverse effects of pollution on human health and ecosystems
What underscores the urgent need for equitable economic development strategies?
The central role of women in the rural economy
Why do women face challenges despite their central role in the rural economy?
As a result of unequal rewards and inferior quality of life
What is the primary responsibility of businesses in South African development?
Funding development projects and creating jobs
Why is understanding soil's texture crucial for its management and utilization?
It influences water infiltration and root penetration.
What is the impact of poor farming practices on soil erosion?
Decreases agricultural productivity.
Which factor significantly influences the depth suitable for agriculture in soil formation?
Vegetation cover
What is the primary challenge posed by wind and water erosion on soil quality?
Reduces topsoil, impacting agricultural productivity.
Which strategy is suggested in the text to reduce erosion risk?
Maintaining vegetation cover
How does soil pH index affect plant growth?
Impacts nutrient availability.
What is the primary effect of deforestation according to the text?
Accelerated soil erosion
Which horizon of soil is rich in organic material and is considered the most fertile layer?
A Horizon (Topsoil)
What factor influences the mineral composition of soil based on the text?
Parent Material
What is a key cause of resource depletion as stated in the provided text?
Over-consumption
Which factor contributes to the formation of different soil horizons?
Time
What does sustainability aim to ensure across social, environmental, and economic spheres?
Ecological protection
Which sector involves high-level decision-making processes in a society's development?
Quaternary sector
What is one of the primary focuses of sustainable practices in soil conservation mentioned in the text?
Organic farming
Why is soil considered a critical natural resource according to the text?
Assisting in plant growth and water purification
What environmental problem is exacerbated by the burning of fossil fuels according to the text?
Greenhouse effect and climate change
What distinguishes bilateral aid from multilateral aid?
Bilateral aid involves direct assistance from a donor country, while multilateral aid is distributed by large international organizations.
What is a common outcome of ineffective aid mentioned in the text?
Creating a debt burden
Which geographical skill is essential for gathering local data and engaging with communities directly affected by development projects?
Fieldwork
Why is it important to distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources?
To choose sustainable resource options based on their ability to regenerate
What impact does corruption have on aid distribution, as mentioned in the text?
Corruption diverts aid away from developmental purposes.
Which type of assistance primarily focuses on small-scale, self-help projects funded through public donations?
NGO Assistance
What does sustainable resource utilization emphasize?
Reducing resource consumption
What role does renewable energy play in sustainable resource utilization?
Renewable energy sources offer sustainable options due to their ability to regenerate.
What do non-renewable resources like gold, oil, and coal represent?
Economic assets that are vital for a country's development.
How do renewable resources differ from non-renewable resources in terms of sustainability?
Renewable resources like solar energy offer sustainable options due to their ability to regenerate.
What is the primary process involved in generating electricity from coal?
Burning coal in boilers
Which environmental impact is NOT associated with coal combustion according to the text?
Generation of biodegradable waste
Which country mentioned in the text possesses extensive coal reserves?
South Africa
What is the main advantage of coal-fired power stations mentioned in the text?
Dependable electricity generation
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a disadvantage of coal-based electricity in the text?
Reliability issues
What is the final output after coal is used to turn water into steam in electricity generation?
Electric current
What is the correct method to find magnetic bearings?
Add the magnetic declination to the magnetic bearing
How is gradient calculated?
Dividing the vertical difference by horizontal distance
What does vertical exaggeration aim to enhance in drawings?
Visibility of subtle terrain features
What does a steep slope indicate when looking at contour lines?
Close contour lines
How does one convert square meters (m²) to hectares (ha)?
Divide by 10,000
What does a cross-section provide in topography?
A side view of terrain elevation profile
How is intervisibility determined in topography?
By drawing sight lines between points
What do far apart contour lines indicate on a topographical map?
Flat terrain
What does each contour line on a topographic map represent?
Points of equal elevation above sea level
What is the purpose of utilizing aerial photography in geography?
Interpreting landscapes
What is the primary energy source for electricity generation in South Africa currently?
Coal
Which innovation involves creating an 'artificial leaf' to convert sunlight into chemical fuel?
Artificial Photosynthesis
What percentage of new electricity generation in South Africa is expected to come from renewable energy sources over the next two decades?
42%
Which renewable energy source is highlighted as producing no air or water pollution?
Wind power
Which energy management challenge is South Africa currently facing?
Balancing increased production with cleaner sources
'Green economies' prioritize human well-being, social equity, and minimizing environmental risks while aiming to reduce what?
Carbon emissions
Sustainable living involves reducing one's carbon footprint primarily by adopting practices that minimize what?
Energy consumption
'Switching to renewable energy sources is crucial for mitigating global warming and reducing the environmental impact of fossil fuels.' Which statement regarding wind power supports this claim?
'Wind power is a clean energy source with no pollution.'
What is a primary environmental impact of coal mining mentioned in the text?
Acid Mine Drainage
What is the primary objective of South Africa's 20-Year Energy Plan by 2030?
Diversifying energy sources
Which type of energy has the potential to power the entire Earth for a year in just one hour?
Solar energy
What is the primary mechanism utilized to convert solar power into electricity?
Photovoltaics with silicon
What contributes significantly to air pollution from coal combustion?
Production of fly ash
Where are the largest renewable energy initiatives in Africa, Sere wind power, and Upington solar power projects located?
South Africa
Which non-conventional energy resource is highlighted alongside solar radiation in the text?
Biomass
What does spatial resolution refer to in the context of images?
The size of the pixels in the image
Which GIS data type includes features like roads and rivers, which have length but negligible width?
Line Data
What is the primary advantage of using raster data in GIS?
Effective for continuous data representation
What is a key characteristic of vector data in GIS?
Uses points, lines, and polygons
What does an atlas use to guide users in quickly finding specific locations or features?
Alphabetical Index
What kind of data do maps in an atlas typically cover?
Physical, political, economic, and social landscapes
What purpose do photographs and diagrams serve in an atlas?
To offer visual context and illustrate changes over time
How are features organized in an atlas index to aid users in locating specific information?
Alphabetically
'What country is the Amazon River located in?' - Which feature of an atlas index would help you find this information quickly?
'Alphabetical Listing'
What type of data is best represented using raster data structures in GIS?
Continuous data
What role do governments play in addressing climate change, based on the text?
Enacting legislation to curb carbon emissions
How can businesses contribute to environmental sustainability according to the text?
Enhancing waste management
What is the primary purpose of individuals adopting the principle of 'Think globally, act locally'?
To promote environmental health in communities
What does the secondary footprint in measuring carbon emissions encompass?
Indirect emissions associated with product lifecycles
In geographic positioning, what does longitude measure?
East-west position on Earth
What is the Prime Meridian used for?
Measuring east-west position on Earth
'Latitude' in geographic coordinates mainly measures which position on Earth?
North-south position between the poles
What distinguishes vertical aerial photographs from oblique ones?
Vertical photos are taken directly overhead, while oblique ones are taken at an angle.
Which element is essential for identifying objects on aerial photographs based on the text?
Texture
What makes orthophoto maps different from standard aerial photos?
Orthophoto maps have contours and street names, while standard photos do not.
What is the primary function of a Geographical Information System (GIS) in terms of data processing?
Transforming and Integrating Data
Which factor ensures that geographic data in GIS is associated with specific locations on Earth's surface?
Georeferencing
How do built structures differ from natural features on aerial photographs?
Built structures have clear boundaries, natural features have blurry boundaries.
What significant advantage do oblique aerial photographs offer over vertical ones?
Oblique photos give a more three-dimensional perspective.
What does GIS help in doing by recalling and processing data?
Extracting relevant information as per user requirements
What kind of perspective do high-oblique aerial photographs offer?
Include the horizon in the photo
Which data management function does GIS serve according to the text?
Managing both spatial and non-spatial information
What is the primary goal of fieldwork according to the guidelines provided?
To ensure that research is methodical, relevant, and effective
In conducting fieldwork, where does Phase 3 primarily take place?
In the field where participants are accessible
What is the purpose of formulating a hypothesis in the fieldwork guidelines?
To predict a possible reason for the phenomenon or a solution to the problem
Where is Phase 4 of fieldwork typically conducted?
In a classroom setting
What distinguishes Phase 2 of fieldwork from other phases?
It involves proposing an educated guess or hypothesis
Why is Phase 5 important in the fieldwork process?
To present findings and propose actionable recommendations or solutions
Which phase of fieldwork focuses on compiling research findings into structured formats like reports or posters?
'Phase 5: Present Findings and Make Recommendations'
'Phase 3: Collect, Describe, and Record Information' primarily requires determining the type of data required and:
'The methods for collecting it'
'Phase 4: Analyse and Interpret Information' often takes place in which setting?
'A classroom setting'
'Phase 1: Identify and Define a Problem' sets the direction for the entire project by engaging in which activity?
Engaging in extensive reading and observation to identify patterns
What is the first step in generating electricity from coal according to the text?
Pulverizing the coal
Which element is NOT mentioned as an emission resulting from coal combustion?
Helium gas
What is one of the advantages associated with coal-fired power stations mentioned in the text?
Abundant reserves
Which stage involves the turning of water into steam in electricity generation from coal?
Boiler process
What is the primary product generated within a generator during coal-based electricity generation?
Electric current
Which element highlights the cost-effectiveness of coal as an energy source for electricity generation?
Established infrastructure
What is the primary role of governments in addressing climate change?
Setting examples through sustainable practices
What can individuals do to promote environmental health in their communities?
Adopt the principle of 'Think globally, act locally'
Why is reducing the carbon footprint essential according to the text?
For mitigating climate change
What is the primary focus of businesses in contributing to environmental sustainability?
Enhancing waste management
Why are geographic coordinates essential for defining locations on Earth?
To measure position accurately
What is the significance of magnetic bearing in specifying direction?
It measures relative to true north
How do bearings help specify direction more precisely?
By promoting general orientation
Which renewable energy sources are witnessing advancements in technology and reductions in costs globally?
Solar and wind power
What is a potential challenge faced by wind power as a renewable energy source?
Visual impact
What is the estimated energy potential from wind streams in the Earth's troposphere compared to humanity's annual energy consumption?
Significantly more than humanity's annual energy consumption
What is the innovation that involves creating an 'artificial leaf' to transform sunlight into a chemical fuel for storage and later use?
Artificial Photosynthesis
Why is it crucial for South Africa to shift towards cleaner, greener electricity sources?
To achieve economic stability and well-being
Which renewable energy source does not produce air or water pollution during its operation?
Solar power
What is the primary challenge faced by solar power as a renewable energy source?
Visual impact
How can the area in m² be converted to hectares?
Divide by 10,000
What does vertical exaggeration in cross-sections aim to achieve?
Enhance the visibility of terrain features
What do close contour lines on a topographic map indicate?
Steep slopes
What is the calculation for determining gradient between two points?
$\frac{VD}{HD}$
What do contour lines connecting points of equal elevation represent on a topographic map?
Terrain shape and elevation
In which scale of South African topographic maps would a 5 m contour interval be used?
1:10,000
What does intervisibility refer to in geographic contexts?
Ability to see across terrain without obstructions
Why is understanding gradient crucial in geographic studies and engineering applications?
To assess the steepness of slopes and plan developments
What ratio defines the gradient between two points on a topographic map?
The ratio of vertical difference in elevation to horizontal distance between points
What is a significant environmental impact of coal combustion by power plants?
Contribution to acid rain and global warming
Which region in South Africa faces geographical limitations for siting power stations due to primary coal fields?
Mpumalanga
What is the primary source of energy for the Sere wind power and Upington solar power projects in South Africa?
Enhancement of local soil nutrients
What is the objective of South Africa's 20-Year Energy Plan by 2030 regarding nuclear power?
Increase nuclear power to 14%
Why is silicon from sand used in converting solar power into electricity?
To generate an electrical charge under sunlight
What is a significant drawback associated with coal mining?
Chronic health issues related to underground mining
What does South Africa aim to achieve through renewable energy research according to the text?
Expand renewable energy options
How does nuclear energy create electricity in South Africa?
By releasing energy from the nucleus of an atom to drive turbines
What environmental issue arises due to the interaction of water with sulfur-bearing rocks as per the provided text?
Production of sulfuric acid causing threats to ecosystems
Why is solar power considered an untapped resource despite its vast potential?
Challenges in harnessing and utilizing solar energy on a large scale
What does spatial resolution refer to?
The level of detail in an image dictated by pixel size
Which GIS data type represents locations on the Earth's surface?
Point Data
What is the primary function of an atlas index?
To guide users in finding specific locations or features
Which component of an atlas gives insights into population trends and health statistics?
Graphs
What differentiates raster data from vector data in GIS?
Raster data is better suited for continuous data.
What type of data structure is especially effective for representing discrete geographic features?
Vector Data
What is the main purpose of an atlas according to the text?
To offer a comprehensive understanding of various themes
In fieldwork research, what is the importance of identifying and defining a problem in Phase 1?
To establish the basic direction and focus of the project
What is the key aspect of formulating a hypothesis in Phase 2 of fieldwork?
Proposing an educated guess based on initial insights
During fieldwork, why is it essential to determine the type of data required in Phase 3?
To ensure efficient and effective data collection
What is the primary purpose of analyzing and interpreting information in Phase 4 of fieldwork?
To visualize patterns and phenomena from collected data
Why is it important to present findings and make recommendations in Phase 5 of fieldwork?
To propose actionable solutions based on research conclusions
What distinguishes an atlas from other reference materials?
Its organization for both quick reference and in-depth study
Why do researchers need to engage in extensive reading and observation in Phase 1 of fieldwork?
To identify patterns, characteristics, and relationships indicating a problem
What role does the table of contents play in studying a theme according to the text?
It helps locate specific themes and relevant page numbers
Which phase primarily involves creating maps, diagrams, graphs, and tables to visualize collected data?
Phase 4: Analyse and Interpret Information
What distinguishes oblique aerial photographs from vertical ones?
They are captured at an angle.
Which factor helps in identifying natural features like rivers and mountains on aerial photographs?
Tone variation
What makes orthophoto maps stand out compared to standard aerial photos?
Enhanced with contours and spot heights
How do GIS help in decision-making processes for planning and management?
By analyzing spatial relationships and patterns
What is the primary function of recalling and processing data in a Geographical Information System (GIS)?
Manipulating data to extract relevant information
Which element helps in determining the time of day and position of the sun in aerial photographs?
Shadow casting
What is the purpose of integrating data with other types in GIS?
For comprehensive analysis using multiple data types
What is the first step in generating electricity from coal as described in the text?
Pulverizing the coal into a fine powder
Which environmental problems are associated with coal combustion according to the text?
Production of fly ash and heavy metals
What is one of the advantages highlighted for coal-based electricity generation in South Africa?
Abundant coal reserves
Which component of a coal-fired power station plays a key role in turning water into steam?
Boilers
What does a coal-fired power station offer in terms of electricity generation according to the text?
Dependable electricity generation
Which element makes coal the most economical and energy-efficient source for generating electricity?
Cost-Effectiveness
What is the primary role of governments in curbing carbon emissions?
Promoting environmental education
How can businesses contribute to environmental sustainability according to the text?
Adopting greener practices
What is the significance of the carbon footprint in relation to climate change?
It helps in mitigating climate change
What do latitude lines primarily help measure?
North-south position
What is the purpose of identifying true bearings?
Specifying direction relative to true north
Which sector plays a pivotal role in addressing climate change at a global scale?
Governments only
'Think globally, act locally' encourages individuals to:
Take actions within their communities for environmental health
How do magnetic bearings differ from true bearings?
True bearings point towards magnetic north while magnetic bearings point towards true north.
Which sector can contribute to cost savings and improved public relations through environmental efforts?
Businesses
What is the main reason for reducing the carbon footprint according to the text?
Mitigating climate change and promoting environmental sustainability
What is a key challenge facing wind power in South Africa?
Noise pollution concerns
Which innovation harnesses wind streams in the Earth's troposphere for energy production?
High Altitude Wind Power
What is a concern related to solar power in South Africa?
Potential harm to wildlife
What is the main benefit of artificial photosynthesis technology?
Creation of chemical fuel from sunlight
In South Africa, which energy source is expected to constitute a significant portion of new electricity generation in the next two decades?
Wind power
Why do biofuels stir debate in South Africa?
Impact on commodity prices
What are underwater kites anchored to in order to generate energy efficiently?
Seafloor
'Solar Buildings' involve integrating solar energy generation into which structures?
'Building designs'
'Greener Economies' prioritize human well-being and social equity while minimizing what risks?
'Environmental risks'
What is the primary environmental concern associated with coal combustion by power plants?
Global warming
Which energy resource has the largest untapped potential according to the text?
Solar radiation
What is the mechanism through which solar power is converted into electricity?
Photovoltaics
Which region in South Africa is mentioned as a hub for renewable energy projects?
Upington
What is the primary objective of South Africa's 20-Year Plan in regards to energy mix diversification?
Increase nuclear power share
Which renewable energy resource serves as a cornerstone among non-conventional energy sources?
Wind power
What is the primary reason behind the significant role of coal in South Africa's energy landscape?
Cost-effectiveness compared to renewables
What challenges are posed by the clustering of power stations in Mpumalanga according to the text?
Enhanced air pollution issues
What is one of the significant environmental impacts of coal mining mentioned in the text?
Acid Mine Drainage leading to sulfuric acid production
What does the text suggest about South Africa's potential for hydroelectric power?
Its expansion is restricted due to geographical constraints.
What distinguishes vertical aerial photographs from oblique ones?
The angle at which they are taken
What feature of built structures aids in their identification on aerial photographs?
Their regular, geometric shapes
Which factor contributes to the tone variation on aerial photographs?
Surface moisture content
What is the primary function of a Geographical Information System (GIS) in relation to data?
Managing both spatial and non-spatial data efficiently
Why are orthophoto maps considered more accurate than standard aerial photographs?
As they are corrected for topographic relief and distortions
Which aspect of shadows on aerial photographs aids in determining the time of day?
Their direction
What do high-oblique aerial photographs show that low-oblique ones do not?
'Bird's horizon view'
How do GIS assist in data recall and processing?
'Extracting' relevant information as needed
How can one calculate the true bearing?
Subtract the magnetic declination from the magnetic bearing
What is the purpose of vertical exaggeration in drawing cross-sections?
To enhance visibility of subtle terrain features
What does gradient measure in geography?
The steepness of a slope
How is intervisibility determined in geography?
By using cross-sections to check for obstructed views
What do contour lines close together on a topographic map indicate?
A steep slope
What is the key purpose of contours on topographic maps?
To show points of equal elevation
How does one convert square meters to hectares?
Divide by 10,000
In constructing a cross-section, what does selecting a line across the map help achieve?
Visualizing terrain's depth profile
What does every contour line on a topographic map connect?
Points of equal elevation above sea level
What does a large interval between contour lines typically indicate on a topographic map?
A gentle slope
What does spatial resolution in an image refer to?
Level of detail in the image based on pixel size
What type of GIS data represents specific locations on the Earth's surface?
Point Data
Which GIS data structure is suitable for continuous data like elevation or land use?
Raster Data
In GIS, which data structure uses points, lines, and polygons to represent discrete features?
Vector Data
What is the primary purpose of an atlas as described in the text?
To offer comprehensive spatial information
What components are typically included in an atlas to complement the maps?
Graphs, charts, tables, photographs, diagrams, and text
Where is the atlas index usually located?
At the back of the atlas
How does an atlas index guide users in locating specific places or features?
By listing names and page references
What is the main role of the alphabetical listing in an atlas index?
To organize names alphabetically
What purpose does the map reference serve in an atlas index?
Give page numbers for feature locations
What is the primary purpose of fieldwork in research projects?
To observe natural phenomena directly and interact with participants
In what phase of fieldwork is data collection typically conducted?
Phase 3: Collect, Describe, and Record Information
What activity is fundamental to Phase 1 of conducting fieldwork?
Engaging in extensive reading and observation to identify patterns
Why is formulating a hypothesis important in fieldwork?
To propose an educated guess based on initial insights
Where is Phase 4 of fieldwork primarily conducted?
In the lab analyzing data using statistical techniques
What does Phase 5 of fieldwork involve?
Presenting research findings and making recommendations
What is the main difference between Phase 3 and Phase 4 of fieldwork?
Phase 3 is conducted in the field, while Phase 4 is conducted in a classroom or lab setting.
Which activity is NOT typically associated with Phase 2 of conducting fieldwork?
Determining the population affected by the identified problem
'What specific problem are we trying to understand or solve?' is a question primarily addressed in which phase of fieldwork?
'Phase 1: Identify and Define a Problem'
'How will the data be collected?' is a key question asked during which phase of fieldwork?
'Phase 3: Collect, Describe, and Record Information'
What is the initial step in generating electricity from coal?
Pulverizing coal into a fine powder
Which environmental problem is NOT associated with coal combustion according to the text?
Excessive noise pollution
What is one of the advantages mentioned for coal-fired power stations?
Dependable electricity generation
In the process of generating electricity from coal, what rotates a coil within a generator?
Steam propelling the blades of a turbine
What waste problems are caused by coal combustion according to the text?
Emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, organic compounds, heavy metals, and fly ash
Which factor contributes to coal being considered the most economical for electricity generation?
Extensive reserves in South Africa
What is the primary environmental concern associated with coal combustion by power plants?
Contribution to acid rain and global warming
How does underground coal mining differ from open-cast mining in terms of health risks?
Greater likelihood of fatalities, injuries, and chronic health issues
What is the primary source of energy for nuclear power plants?
Nuclear fission reactions
What is the primary method used by nuclear energy to generate electricity?
Converting water into steam to drive turbines
In South Africa's 20-year energy plan, what percentage of the energy mix is allocated to renewable energy sources?
16%
What is the main objective of Eskom's renewable energy research efforts despite coal being cost-effective?
To diversify energy sources
Which non-conventional energy resource has immense untapped potential for generating electricity according to the text?
Solar radiation
How is the true bearing calculated?
By subtracting the magnetic declination from the magnetic bearing
What does a steep slope on a topographic map indicate?
Contour lines being close together
What does a cross-section in geography represent?
A side view of the terrain's elevation profile
How is vertical exaggeration calculated in drawing cross-sections?
By dividing the scale of the vertical axis by the scale of the horizontal axis
What does intervisibility refer to in geography?
The visibility from one point to another over terrain without obstacles
Gradient in geography measures:
The ratio of vertical change to horizontal distance between two points
Cross-Sections are useful in geography for:
Providing a side view of terrain's elevation profile
What role do governments play in addressing climate change, as mentioned in the text?
Promoting environmental education
What is the primary focus of businesses in contributing to environmental sustainability according to the text?
Conserving electricity
What is the principle individuals are encouraged to adopt for environmental health?
"Think globally, act locally"
What is a measure of the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual or entity?
Carbon footprint
What is the significance of true bearings in geography?
They are measured relative to true north.
Which is the angle measured relative to magnetic north in specifying direction?
Magnetic bearing
What allows for precise pinpointing of locations on Earth?
'Degrees, minutes, seconds' system
What is the primary energy source for electricity generation in South Africa?
Coal
Which innovation emulates the photosynthesis process to convert sunlight into a chemical fuel?
Artificial Photosynthesis
What is a major environmental advantage of wind power compared to fossil fuels?
Air pollution
What is the primary challenge faced by solar power in terms of environmental impact?
Visual impact
In addressing energy needs, why is it crucial for South Africa to shift towards cleaner electricity sources?
To promote sustainable development
Which innovation taps into wind streams in the Earth's troposphere for energy generation?
High Altitude Wind Power
'Artificial leaf' technology is associated with which innovation for energy production?
Artificial Photosynthesis
'Enhancing energy efficiency and investing in renewable sources' are key factors in transitioning to a green economy. What does 'green economy' aim to minimize?
Environmental risks
What does spatial resolution in an image refer to?
The size of the picture elements or pixels that make up the image.
What distinguishes oblique aerial photographs from vertical ones?
Vertical photos show the horizon.
Which GIS data type uses points, lines, and polygons to represent geographic features?
Vector Data
What is the primary function of an atlas index?
Help locate specific locations or features quickly.
Which element is NOT used for identifying features on aerial photographs?
Temperature
In GIS, which data structure is especially effective for continuous data?
Raster Data
What is the primary advantage of orthophoto maps over standard aerial photographs?
They provide scale-accurate images.
Why are cast shadows on aerial photographs important?
To determine the time of day
What kind of information do graphs, charts, and tables in an atlas provide?
Quantitative views on various issues.
Which component is typically located at the back of an atlas to aid users in locating specific information?
Atlas Index
In GIS, what does the function of storing and managing data involve?
Efficiently managing large amounts of data
What is the purpose of transforming and integrating data in GIS?
To convert data into a uniform format
What is the primary focus of GIS in analyzing data?
Spatial relationships and patterns
Which function does GIS NOT serve according to the text?
Collecting spatial data
Why is spatial referencing important in GIS?
To associate data with specific locations on Earth's surface
How do oblique aerial photographs differ from vertical ones in their perspective view?
Vertical photos provide a more three-dimensional perspective.
What is the purpose of engaging in extensive reading and observation in Phase 1 of fieldwork?
To identify patterns, characteristics, and relationships to predict outcomes
What is the primary focus of Formulating a Hypothesis in Phase 2 of fieldwork?
To propose an educated guess about the research problem
Where does Phase 3 of fieldwork primarily take place?
In a field where the phenomenon occurs or participants are accessible
What is the main objective of analyzing and interpreting information in Phase 4 of fieldwork?
To process and analyze data using statistical methods
What distinguishes Phase 5 of fieldwork from the other phases?
It includes presenting findings and making recommendations
Why is it crucial to identify patterns, characteristics, and relationships in Phase 1 of fieldwork?
To predict possible outcomes and propose solutions
What is the significance of proposing an educated guess or hypothesis in Phase 2 of fieldwork?
To predict potential reasons for observed phenomena or problems
Where is data primarily collected during Phase 3 of fieldwork?
In the field where observations and measurements are conducted
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