Questions and Answers
Who developed the concept of gradually increasing capacity for processing information?
Robert Siegler
What does the Microgenetic Method seek to discover?
What is a criticism of cognitive theories according to the evaluation?
What does Behaviorism primarily study?
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What is the key aspect of Skinner's Operant Conditioning?
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Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory suggests that behavior is influenced only by environmental factors.
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What is one contribution of Behavioral and Social Cognitive theories?
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What does Ethology emphasize regarding behavior?
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What is the concept of imprinting related to?
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What is one outcome of a secure attachment in childhood according to John Bowlby?
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Ethological theory is criticized for having too little focus on biological foundations.
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What does the Ecological Theory emphasize?
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According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory, how many environmental systems influence development?
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What is development?
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What does the study of lifespan development provide information about? (Select all that apply)
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What is the lifespan perspective?
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Is early adulthood the endpoint of development?
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What are the three dimensions affected by age?
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What are the three contextual influences on lifespan development? (Select all that apply)
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What does resilience refer to in the context of development?
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Older adults receive the recommended treatment for heart disease 52 percent of the time.
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What are the four ways of measuring age?
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What does nature vs. nurture debate focus on?
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What is the main focus of psychoanalytic theories?
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Which stage does a child's pleasure focus on the genitals according to Freud's theory?
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Study Notes
Development and Lifespan
- Development refers to the pattern of movement or change from conception to the end of life, inclusive of both growth and decline.
- Lifespan development studies who we are, how we developed, and where we are headed.
Lifespan Perspective
- Paul Baltes’ perspective emphasizes development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual.
- Development is a continuous process involving growth, maintenance, and loss regulation, influenced by biological, socio-cultural, and individual factors.
Contextual Influences
- Normative age-graded influences (e.g., puberty), history-graded influences (e.g., significant historical events), and nonnormative life events (e.g., personal tragedies) shape development.
- All development occurs within specific contexts influenced by historical, cultural, and economic factors.
Modern Concerns in Development
- Significant issues include well-being, parenting and education, and socio-cultural context addressing diversity in culture, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity.
Resilience in Development
- Resilience is the ability to overcome adversity; it can be influenced by intellectual capabilities, supportive family environments, and external community connections.
Stages of Development
- Various stages of life include prenatal (conception to birth), infancy (birth to 18-24 months), toddler (1.5 to 3 years), early childhood (3 to 6 years), middle and late childhood (6 to 10-11 years), adolescence (10-12 to 18-21 years), early adulthood (20s to 30s), middle adulthood (40s to 50s/60s), and late adulthood (60s/70s to death).
- Different periods exhibit unique characteristics and development tasks.
Measuring Age in Development
- Age can be measured in psychological, biological, social, and chronological terms to understand developmental changes.
Developmental Issues
- Key debates include nature vs. nurture, stability vs. change, and continuity vs. discontinuity, highlighting influence factors on development.
Scientific Method in Development
- The scientific approach involves conceptualizing problems, collecting data, analyzing information, and drawing conclusions to support hypotheses.
Psychoanalytic Theories
- Freud and Erikson propose development is largely unconscious, influenced by early experiences and emotional conflicts. Freud outlined stages, including oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
- Erikson's theory presents eight stages with psychosocial tasks corresponding to crises that shape identity across the lifespan.
Cognitive Development Theories
- Piaget describes cognitive development in four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, emphasizing children’s active role in understanding the world.
- Vygotsky highlights the importance of social interactions and cultural tools in cognitive development, while the information-processing theory focuses on how individuals manipulate and process information.
Behaviorism
- Behaviorism views development as observable behavior learned through interaction with the environment, emphasizing conditioning through rewards and consequences, as demonstrated in Skinner's operant conditioning.### Rewarding and Punishing Stimuli
- Rewarding stimuli encourage behaviors to recur.
- Punishing stimuli discourage behaviors from recurring.
- Behavior development is significantly influenced by experiences.
Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
- Behavior, environment, and cognition are interconnected key factors in development.
- Observational learning is a central element, emphasizing learning through watching others.
Evaluating Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
- Contributions include a robust scientific research base and recognition of environmental influences on behavior.
- Criticisms point to insufficient emphasis on cognition and inadequate consideration of developmental changes over time.
Ethology
- Behavior is heavily influenced by biological factors and evolutionary processes.
- The theory highlights critical or sensitive periods where specific experiences can have lasting impacts on individuals.
Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
- Imprinting is an innate form of learning where attachment occurs to the first moving object encountered.
- This process must happen within designated critical or sensitive periods for it to be effective.
John Bowlby and Attachment Theory
- Early attachment to caregivers significantly influences long-term outcomes.
- Secure attachments lead to positive life experiences in childhood and adulthood.
- Insecure attachments can result in suboptimal life trajectories.
Evaluation of Ethological Theory
- Contributions highlight the biological and evolutionary foundations of behavior, supported by naturalistic observations.
- Criticisms include an overemphasis on biology and the perception that the critical period concept is too inflexible.
Ecological Theory
- Emphasizes the significant role of environmental factors in development.
Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory
- Development is shaped by multiple environmental systems, identified as five categories:
- Microsystem: immediate environments such as family and school.
- Mesosystem: interconnections between different microsystems.
- Exosystem: external environmental settings that indirectly influence development.
- Macrosystem: broader cultural and societal influences.
- Chronosystem: time-related influences on development, including transitions and historical context.
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Description
Explore the foundational terms and concepts in lifespan development with these flashcards. Each card presents key definitions to help you understand how development impacts our lives from conception to old age. Perfect for students looking to deepen their knowledge in human development.
