30 Questions
What is the primary function of tumour suppressor genes?
To inhibit tumour formation by regulating cell growth
What is the name of the gene that has been referred to as the 'guardian of the genome'?
p53
What is the term for the process by which cells that have acquired oncogenic mutations are removed?
Apoptosis
What is the name of the receptor that transmits death signals in response to apoptosis?
FAS receptor
What is the term for the limited number of divisions a cell can undergo before reaching senescence?
Hayflick limit
What is the purpose of angiogenesis in tumour development?
To bring blood flow and nutrients to tumours
What is the term for the process by which cells become immortal due to the overexpression of telomerase?
Immortalization
What is the term for the loss of a functional copy of a tumour suppressor gene, leading to the expression of a tumour-causing gene?
Loss of heterozygosity
What is the term for genes that contribute to cancer in a gain-of-function manner and are dominant?
Oncogenes
What is the name of the protein that monitors DNA damage and induces apoptosis in response to DNA damage?
p53
Which factor contributes to one in three people developing cancer?
Inherited germ line mutations
What is a common reason for developing breast cancer in individuals between the ages of 36 and 45?
Mutation in BRCA1 gene
Which genetic mutations are associated with predisposition to cancer?
BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A
What is a common cancer associated with the Human papillomavirus (HPV)?
Cervical cancer
Which characteristic is outlined as a hallmark of cancer in the text?
Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
What is recommended for individuals with BRCA mutations to minimize the risk of breast cancer?
Genetic counseling
Which agent is associated with causing stomach cancer?
H.pylori bacteria
What does the concept 'self-sufficiency in growth signals' refer to?
Cancer cells needing external growth signals
Which condition is a potential consequence of sustained angiogenesis in cancer?
Tumor growth and metastasis
What is the primary function of inherited cancer genes like Rb and p53?
Control cell growth and division
What is the role of SHH as a morphogen?
Induces neural cell fate in the spinal cord
What is the consequence of the inhibition of the SHH pathway by Cyclopanine?
Impaired pathway activation due to SMO binding
Which gene is involved in cell adhesion?
Rac1
What is the function of Smoothened in the Shh pathway?
Activates the pathway by binding to SHH ligand
What is the result of a GOF mutation in the SHH pathway?
Increased cancer risk
How does VEGf affect angiogenesis?
Promotes angiogenesis
Which protein binds directly to SMO, inhibiting the SHH pathway?
Cyclopanine
What is the main function of Gli transcription factors in the Shh pathway?
Leading to gene expression
In the context of medulloblastoma, why do commissural neurons turn towards SHH gradients?
In response to SHH ligand concentrations
Which condition is a result of a mutation in the SHH pathway leading to no pathway activity at all?
Holoprosencephaly
Learn about the causes of cancer, including DNA mutations, radiation, environmental factors, and genetic predisposition. Explore how infectious agents like Human papillomavirus (HPV) can lead to diseases such as cervical cancer.
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