Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of guidelines did designers find difficulties with according to de Souza and Bevan?
What percentage of guidelines did designers find difficulties with according to de Souza and Bevan?
91%
Which of the following statements best describes UX design guidelines?
Which of the following statements best describes UX design guidelines?
Consistency in UX design guidelines only refers to layout.
Consistency in UX design guidelines only refers to layout.
False
What is the typical capacity of human short-term memory according to George Miller?
What is the typical capacity of human short-term memory according to George Miller?
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What is the potential benefit of chunking in memory?
What is the potential benefit of chunking in memory?
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What is one suggested way to reduce cognitive load in task design?
What is one suggested way to reduce cognitive load in task design?
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Muscle memory pertains primarily to __________ actions.
Muscle memory pertains primarily to __________ actions.
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What does the cognitive load theory primarily aim to improve?
What does the cognitive load theory primarily aim to improve?
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In interaction design, recognition is preferred over recall because:
In interaction design, recognition is preferred over recall because:
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What is the scope of interaction design guidelines according to the content?
What is the scope of interaction design guidelines according to the content?
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What defines a handheld device?
What defines a handheld device?
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Why is minimizing textual input important for handheld devices?
Why is minimizing textual input important for handheld devices?
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Handheld devices typically have larger screens than conventional computers.
Handheld devices typically have larger screens than conventional computers.
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User interfaces on handheld devices must optimize interactions for immediate _______.
User interfaces on handheld devices must optimize interactions for immediate _______.
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What should user interfaces on handheld devices allow?
What should user interfaces on handheld devices allow?
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Which principle is essential for user satisfaction in virtual environments?
Which principle is essential for user satisfaction in virtual environments?
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Engagement is not an important principle in the design of virtual environments.
Engagement is not an important principle in the design of virtual environments.
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Match the following design principles with their focus:
Match the following design principles with their focus:
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What is one principle of usability for virtual environments?
What is one principle of usability for virtual environments?
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What are the main parts of the Interaction Cycle?
What are the main parts of the Interaction Cycle?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the Interaction Cycle? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is NOT a part of the Interaction Cycle? (Select all that apply)
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What is the purpose of planning in the Interaction Cycle?
What is the purpose of planning in the Interaction Cycle?
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The planning guidelines are only about how to use a single feature of the system.
The planning guidelines are only about how to use a single feature of the system.
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What does a clear system task model help users with?
What does a clear system task model help users with?
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Users can often forget crucial actions needed to complete a task, a scenario called a transaction completion slip.
Users can often forget crucial actions needed to complete a task, a scenario called a transaction completion slip.
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What is a cognitive affordance?
What is a cognitive affordance?
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What does effective cognitive affordances help users to do? (Select all that apply)
What does effective cognitive affordances help users to do? (Select all that apply)
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What is one example of a cognitive affordance in Microsoft PowerPoint?
What is one example of a cognitive affordance in Microsoft PowerPoint?
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Which of the following is a task decomposition strategy mentioned? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a task decomposition strategy mentioned? (Select all that apply)
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Users need to be reminded of the steps they might forget when using a system.
Users need to be reminded of the steps they might forget when using a system.
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What is one way to constrain the formatting of a date value?
What is one way to constrain the formatting of a date value?
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A date picker allows users to enter a date by selecting from a calendar.
A date picker allows users to enter a date by selecting from a calendar.
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What should exit options in a dialogue box include?
What should exit options in a dialogue box include?
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Which of the following is a recommendation for making choices distinguishable?
Which of the following is a recommendation for making choices distinguishable?
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The terms 'revise' and ______ are used interchangeably in a given application.
The terms 'revise' and ______ are used interchangeably in a given application.
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What can help prevent catastrophic errors in design?
What can help prevent catastrophic errors in design?
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Match the following design principles with their descriptions:
Match the following design principles with their descriptions:
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Consistency in language is not important for user interface design.
Consistency in language is not important for user interface design.
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What was the shopper looking for?
What was the shopper looking for?
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What is one method to control content complexity in user interfaces?
What is one method to control content complexity in user interfaces?
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What obstacle did the aesthetic end panels create?
What obstacle did the aesthetic end panels create?
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Cognitive affordances only need to be visible to be effective.
Cognitive affordances only need to be visible to be effective.
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What is an example of a poorly designed login interface?
What is an example of a poorly designed login interface?
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Cognitive affordance legibility is primarily about making text _____ and _____
Cognitive affordance legibility is primarily about making text _____ and _____
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What should be controlled to enhance user awareness of cognitive affordances?
What should be controlled to enhance user awareness of cognitive affordances?
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What is an example of just-in-time visibility in cognitive affordance?
What is an example of just-in-time visibility in cognitive affordance?
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Why do users often overlook formatting options in applications?
Why do users often overlook formatting options in applications?
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Consistent placement of cognitive affordances helps users rely on muscle memory.
Consistent placement of cognitive affordances helps users rely on muscle memory.
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How should button labels be designed for effectiveness?
How should button labels be designed for effectiveness?
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Cognitive affordance design emphasizes the importance of precise _____ for effective interaction.
Cognitive affordance design emphasizes the importance of precise _____ for effective interaction.
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What does the guideline caution against?
What does the guideline caution against?
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What issue occurred with the Options dialogue box in the example?
What issue occurred with the Options dialogue box in the example?
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The Search button was correctly placed next to the OR radio-button choice.
The Search button was correctly placed next to the OR radio-button choice.
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What confusion arose at the airline departure board?
What confusion arose at the airline departure board?
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What problem was caused by the layout of the overhead controls on the airplane?
What problem was caused by the layout of the overhead controls on the airplane?
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The GPS system entered the user's current GPS location as default values after replacing the battery, leading to an incident of _fire.
The GPS system entered the user's current GPS location as default values after replacing the battery, leading to an incident of _fire.
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What is one example of a poor default choice mentioned?
What is one example of a poor default choice mentioned?
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Providing likely choices and useful defaults can help make tasks more efficient for users.
Providing likely choices and useful defaults can help make tasks more efficient for users.
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Study Notes
Scope and Universality
- Design guidelines for graphical user interfaces (GUIs) extend beyond specific platforms and devices to encompass a broad range of everyday interactions.
- UX design guidelines inform interactions in various contexts, derived from studies, principles, and professional experiences.
User Interfaces for Handheld Devices
- Handheld devices include smartphones, PDAs, and specialized devices, differentiated by their use while held in one hand.
- User experience techniques like contextual inquiries, prototyping, and user testing are applicable to handheld devices just as with traditional interfaces.
- Key differences of handheld devices include limited screen size, user multitasking, and the need for optimized interactions for immediate use.
- Interfaces should minimize textual input and provide concise output that suits smaller displays, requiring a redesign of desktop applications for handheld compatibility.
- Adhering to platform conventions is crucial as interfaces must align with the expected look and feel of other applications on the device.
- Applications should anticipate poor connectivity and allow users to perform tasks even when offline.
Usability Principles for Virtual Environments
- Usability principles from traditional computing apply to virtual environments (VEs), but may need adaptation to suit distinct user experiences.
- Users benefit from a sense of control during interactions, which may be altered temporarily in collaborative settings like online games.
- Engagement is essential in VEs, increasing enjoyment and learning, while the risk of visual overload needs to be managed by streamlining visual elements.
- Effective VE design assists users in analyzing information efficiently, utilizing feedback mechanisms such as eye-tracking to enhance usability.
Historical Context of Interaction Design Guidelines
- Acknowledgment of early design guidelines, such as those developed for text-based interfaces and military applications, showcases the evolution of UX practices.
- Guidelines have transitioned alongside technology shifts, with early standards evolving into platform-specific styles for graphical user interfaces.
- Principles rooted in psychology and human factors inform many existing design guidelines while empirical studies support a subset of them.
- The evolution of guidelines has also paved the way for industry standards, reflecting a consensus on best practices in UX design.
Using and Interpreting Design Guidelines
- General design guidelines appear obvious and universally accepted, but their application can lead to confusion among designers.
- Difficulties arise in selecting relevant guidelines or adapting them to specific user interface contexts.
- Misinterpretations are common, emphasizing the need for clarity regarding what is meant by terms like consistency within design guidelines.
- Recognizing the context of guidelines is crucial, as rigid applications of rules without interpretation may lead to ineffective designs. ### UX Design Guidelines Overview
- Broad guidelines, like "keep it simple," lack specific application, creating confusion for practitioners.
- Guidelines organized using the Interaction Cycle and User Action Framework (UAF) to link them directly to user actions and scenarios.
- Utilization of guidelines requires critical thinking; they should not be followed blindly, as effective practice relies on skilled practitioners.
Human Memory Limitations in UX Design
- Understanding of human memory is critical for creating effective UX strategies.
- Sensory Memory: Lasts a fraction of a second to 2 seconds, consists of raw sensory data without meaning.
- Short-Term (Working) Memory: Retains information for about 30 seconds, can be extended by repetition; typically holds about seven items (Miller's law).
Chunking and Memory Efficiency
- Chunking allows information to be grouped into recognizable units, improving recall.
- Example: Phone numbers, structured in chunks, align with human memory capacity making them easier to remember.
- Stacking occurs when task contexts must be held temporarily; interruptions can lead to loss of track and cognitive overload.
Cognitive Load Management
- Cognitive load refers to the demands on working memory during task performance; excessive load can hinder user experience.
- Dividing large tasks into smaller operations reduces cognitive load and leads to more efficient task completion.
Long-Term Memory Insights
- Long-term memory has near-unlimited capacity and indefinite duration, though retrieval can be challenging.
- Information is better retained when it connects with existing knowledge structures through effective organization.
Interaction Styles: Command vs. GUI Selection
- Recognition over recall is vital; users should be able to select from lists rather than retrieve from memory alone.
- As users become more experienced, they may rely more on recall through command inputs, which can enhance performance.
The Role of Shortcuts and Muscle Memory
- Shortcuts (e.g., hotkeys) are crucial for expert users to navigate interfaces efficiently, bridging command usage and GUI interaction.
- Muscle memory facilitates learned, repetitive actions, allowing users to perform tasks fluidly without cognitive load.
Key Aspects of the Interaction Cycle
- The Interaction Cycle involves planning, translating, executing actions, achieving outcomes, and assessing results.
- User planning is essential for understanding system tasks; clear models should guide users on how to operate systems efficiently.
Guidelines for Effective User Planning
- Clear system task models should enhance users' high-level understanding of functionalities.
- User interfaces should logically decompose tasks into manageable steps, clearly displaying possibilities for actions.
- Awareness of system states should be maintained to assist users in planning their next activities.
Examples of Application
- Tab organization in websites to match user tasks can significantly improve usability.
- Providing explicit guidance on features, like Microsoft Word’s Master Document, aids users in leveraging complex functionalities effectively.### Task Context Awareness
- Keeping task context visible helps users retain awareness of their original goals.
- Reminder display, like "You are searching by author for: Stephen King," can aid focus during deep navigational tasks.
Efficient Task Path Planning
- Users benefit from guidance in planning efficient ways to complete tasks.
- An example includes Borland's 3-D Home Architect™, which informs users about print settings, reducing waste of time and materials.
Progress Indicators
- Progress indicators are essential for users to track completed and remaining task steps.
- TurboTax employs a "wizard-like" interface to guide users through the tax form completion, showing progress and summarizing actions.
Avoiding Completion Slips
- Cognitive affordances at task completion points are crucial to prevent transaction errors.
- Examples include ticket kiosks reminding users to take their tickets and email systems alerting users about forgotten attachments.
Existence of Cognitive Affordance
- Interaction design must provide cognitive affordances that guide user actions, such as labels and visual cues.
- Effective cognitive affordances assist users in understanding system states, indicating choices and supporting error recovery.
Presentation of Cognitive Affordance
- Cognitive affordances need to be visible and noticeable to be effective.
- Design factors include layout, legibility, contrast, and sensory attributes to ensure users can easily access and interpret cognitive affordances.
Legibility and Noticeability
- Text and icons must be legible and presented in a way that attracts user attention.
- Message lines and pop-ups placed near the cursor are more likely to be noticed compared to those at the screen's top or bottom.
Cognitive Affordance Complexity
- The layout must be organized to minimize screen clutter and make cognitive affordances easily discoverable.
- Presentation timing should consider when users need specific cognitive affordances to assist timely decision-making.
Just-in-Time Presentation
- Cognitive affordances should be presented at the exact moment they are needed for effective user support.
- Examples include paper towel dispensers that display instructions as situations change.
Special Cases in Cognitive Affordance
- Users may need additional guidance in specific cases, like formatting options while pasting in word processors.
- Tools that provide a choice, such as "Paste Special," enhance user control during interactions.
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Description
Explore the scope and universality of interaction design beyond traditional graphical user interfaces. This quiz encourages you to think broadly about design principles applicable across various platforms and devices, including web and mobile. Test your understanding of design guidelines that enhance user experience.
