SysPath: Integumentary 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common trigger for Erythema Multiforme?

  • Environmental Allergens
  • Bacterial Infections
  • Medications
  • Herpes Simplex Virus (correct)

Which of the following symptoms distinguishes Stevens-Johnson Syndrome from Erythema Multiforme?

  • Symmetrical distribution of lesions
  • Severe blistering and necrosis (correct)
  • Fatigue and fever
  • Target-like skin lesions

What is the main treatment approach for Urticaria?

  • Topical corticosteroids
  • Antibiotics
  • Oral steroids
  • Antihistamines (correct)

Which type of dermatitis is primarily caused by contact with irritants?

<p>Primary Irritant Contact Dermatitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does a Decubitus Ulcer show full thickness skin and tissue loss with visible muscle or bone?

<p>Stage IV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment approach for cellulitis?

<p>Antibiotics based on the suspected organism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of erysipelas?

<p>Sharp pain in the joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wart is known to cause pinpoint bleeding when trimmed?

<p>Plantar warts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a massage therapist do if signs of cellulitis are observed in a client?

<p>Refer the client to their healthcare provider (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chickenpox is true?

<p>Vaccination is recommended at 12-15 months. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should clients with genital warts avoid direct contact during a massage?

<p>They are highly contagious. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is consistent with herpes zoster (shingles)?

<p>Pain with even light touch along the dermatomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main form of treatment for molluscum contagiosum?

<p>Most lesions resolve spontaneously (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trigger for recurrent herpes simplex virus infections?

<p>Excessive sunlight exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are primary skin lesions characterized by?

<p>Changes to the skin in direct response to a disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common trigger for acne vulgaris?

<p>Hormonal changes such as puberty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of pustules associated with folliculitis?

<p>Formation of pustules around hair follicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of pseudofolliculitis barbae?

<p>Ingrown beard hairs causing irritation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common microorganisms involved in causing impetigo?

<p>Streptococcus bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to prevent aggravating acne vulgaris during massage therapy?

<p>Application of warm packs over the affected area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lesion is characterized by scaled or crusty formations that usually arise from primary lesions?

<p>Scales or crust from secondary skin lesions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for Tinea (Ringworm)?

<p>Antifungal creams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common risk factor for developing fungal infections of the skin?

<p>Immunosuppression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms of Candidiasis in males?

<p>Painful red lesions with raised white borders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which areas are commonly affected by Tinea Versicolor?

<p>Patches of skin with discolouration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method is recommended for Scabies?

<p>Hydrocortisone cream for pruritus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if a massage therapist has treated a client with Scabies?

<p>Postpone treatment until the infestation is clear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Psoriasis?

<p>Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common sign might indicate Tinea (Ringworm) infection?

<p>Circular rash surrounded by an outer ring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiological agent of Candidiasis?

<p>Candida albicans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a local contraindication for massage therapy?

<p>Molluscum Contagiosum lesions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication that may develop in patients with plaque psoriasis?

<p>Psoriatic arthritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended treatment for psoriasis?

<p>Daily intense exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common affected area in patients with rosacea?

<p>Face, particularly the middle one-third (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trigger is associated with worsening symptoms in rosacea?

<p>Direct sunlight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In hidradenitis suppurativa, which symptom is commonly observed?

<p>Small, swollen nodules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in treating hidradenitis suppurativa?

<p>It often leads to significant scarring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about drug eruptions is accurate?

<p>They can present with varying skin reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of psoriatic arthritis?

<p>Joint stiffness and pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a local contraindication when considering massage for psoriasis?

<p>Broken skin at lesions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common comorbidity linked with rosacea?

<p>Chronic migraines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prevalent symptom associated with Erythema Multiforme?

<p>Target-shaped lesions on the skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a life-threatening reaction involving necrosis of the dermis?

<p>Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Urticaria?

<p>Allergic reactions to irritants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Decubitus Ulcers shows partial thickness skin loss with exposed dermis?

<p>Stage II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonly triggers Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD)?

<p>Contact with metals or chemicals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a lesion?

<p>Any variation from normal tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a primary skin lesion?

<p>It is a direct response to a disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of acne vulgaris?

<p>It involves an obstruction of pilosebaceous units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is confirmed to be effective for severe cases of acne vulgaris?

<p>Isotretinoin (Accutane) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates pseudofolliculitis barbae from folliculitis barbae?

<p>Pseudofolliculitis typically has sterile papules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical symptom of impetigo?

<p>Honey-colored crust resulting from ruptured lesions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication of furuncles and carbuncles?

<p>Spread of infection leading to localized tissue involvement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cellulitis is true?

<p>Cellulitis is not contagious. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic feature describes erysipelas?

<p>A sharply demarcated, raised border. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wart is recognized as the most common viral STI?

<p>Genital warts (condyloma acuminata) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is typically recommended for chickenpox?

<p>Oatmeal baths and antihistamines to alleviate symptoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the approach for massage therapy in cases of herpes zoster (shingles)?

<p>If the therapist is unvaccinated and has never had chickenpox, no contact is allowed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the prognosis of untreated cellulitis?

<p>It can become life-threatening as it spreads to the bloodstream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus causes molluscum contagiosum?

<p>Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the systemic symptoms commonly associated with herpes zoster?

<p>Malaise, nausea, diarrhea, and fever. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary treatment exists for herpes simplex virus infections?

<p>Topical antiviral creams to reduce symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common treatment for Tinea (Ringworm)?

<p>Topical antifungal creams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is NOT considered an ideal medium for fungal pathogens that affect the skin?

<p>Back of the hand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Molluscum Contagiosum (MC)?

<p>It is a local contraindication for massage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE regarding Candidiasis treatment?

<p>Topical antifungal creams are usually the first choice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is associated with scabies infestations?

<p>Severe, persistent pruritus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should massage therapy be postponed for clients with scabies?

<p>It transfers the infestation through direct contact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lice is most commonly transmitted through shared personal items?

<p>Head louse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical manifestation of Tinea Versicolor?

<p>Hypo- or hyperpigmented patches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for developing psoriasis?

<p>Smoking and alcohol use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable feature is often observed during the physical examination of psoriasis?

<p>Erythematous plaques with silvery scales (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of psoriatic arthritis?

<p>Swelling and tenderness of joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common symptom of rosacea?

<p>Persistent facial erythema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known trigger for flare-ups in rosacea?

<p>Direct sunlight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is typically NOT recommended for psoriasis?

<p>Systematic exercise program (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, what is a common symptom?

<p>Swollen painful nodules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a local contraindication for massage therapy in psoriasis?

<p>Presence of broken skin at lesions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary etiology of hidradenitis suppurativa?

<p>Idiopathic follicle blockage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is advised for chronic cases of hidradenitis suppurativa?

<p>Topical antibiotics and steroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential complication may arise from plaque psoriasis?

<p>Development of psoriatic arthritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary phase of rosacea characterized by persistent redness?

<p>Vascular stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Folliculitis

Inflammation of the hair follicle caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or irritation. Pus may form.

Furuncle

Inflammation of the hair follicle that goes into deeper layers of skin, forming an abscess (pus). Also known as a boil.

Carbuncle

A group of furuncles

Acne Vulgaris

A common skin condition involving the hair follicle and sebaceous gland. Characterized by overproduction of oil, blockage of the follicle, and inflammation.

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Impetigo

A bacterial infection of the superficial layers of the skin. Can also be deeper, called ecthyma.

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Pseudofolliculitis Barbae

Ingrown beard hairs caused by hair curling into the skin and causing inflammation.

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Bacterial Folliculitis

A common cause of folliculitis caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.

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Varicella Zoster (Chickenpox)

Highly contagious viral infection spread via respiratory droplets and direct contact with lesions. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and contagious two days before the rash appears until six days after the rash onset.

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Erysipelas

A bacterial infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics. It is a superficial form of cellulitis.

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Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

A dermatomal rash caused by the reactivation of dormant varicella-zoster virus, which can lie dormant in the dorsal root ganglia after the initial infection.

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Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Highly contagious, recurrent viral infection that can cause oral lesions (cold sores) or genital lesions depending on the strain.

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Molluscum Contagiosum (MC)

Highly contagious viral infection common in children, spread through contact or indirect contact. Also known as 'water warts'.

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Cellulitis

A bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues, often stemming from a previous skin wound or boil.

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Common Warts (verrucae vulgaris)

Firm growths with a rough surface and a sharply demarcated border. They are typically round or irregular, yellow, brown, or greyish in color, and less than half an inch in size.

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Warts

Caused by exposure to the human papilloma virus (HPV). There are over 150 types of HPV, not all cause warts, and some can lead to the development of certain cancers.

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Tinea (Ringworm)

A contagious fungal infection of the skin caused by dermatophytes. Classified by location, e.g., tinea pedis (foot), tinea unguium (nail), tinea corporis (body), tinea cruris (groin), and tinea capitis (head).

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Candidiasis

Fungal infection of the skin and mucous membranes, particularly in areas like the groin, mouth, and between fingers. Caused by Candida albicans, a natural vaginal/intestinal yeast.

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Tinea Versicolor

A fungal infection that affects the topmost layer of the skin, causing patches of discoloration due to a yeast called Malassezia globosa. Characterized by hypo- or hyperpigmented patches.

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Scabies

A mite infestation caused by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei. The mites burrow under the skin and lay eggs, causing intense itching and a rash.

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Pediculosis (Lice)

Infestation of the skin by lice, classified into three types: head lice, body lice, and pubic lice. All types cause intense itching.

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Psoriasis

A chronic, inflammatory, non-contagious autoimmune disease characterized by hyper-proliferation of skin cells. Typically presents with red, scaly plaques.

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Fungal Infections

A contraindication for massage therapy when a client has a fungal infection of the skin. The lesions should not be massaged as they may be contagious and spread through direct contact.

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Tinea Infections

Local contraindications in massage therapy when a client has tinea infections. The affected areas should not be massaged to avoid spreading the contagious fungal infection.

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Candidiasis

Special considerations should be taken in massage therapy for clients with candidiasis, as it affects different body parts with various levels of contagion. Oral candidiasis is a local contraindication.

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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)

A life-threatening skin reaction characterized by widespread blistering and necrosis of the skin and mucous membranes. It is a severe form of erythema multiforme and often triggered by medications, particularly sulfa drugs.

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Urticaria (Hives)

A common inflammatory skin disorder characterized by itchy, raised welts (wheals) that disappear within a few hours. It is often caused by allergic reactions triggered by substances like medications, insect bites, or foods.

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Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)

A severe form of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) involving the detachment of a large portion of the epidermis from the dermis. It is a life-threatening condition and requires urgent medical attention.

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Dermatitis

A superficial inflammation of the skin commonly caused by irritants or allergens. It is characterized by redness, swelling, itching, and sometimes blistering.

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Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

A common inflammatory skin condition that is often linked to genetics and allergies. It is characterized by itchy, dry, scaly, and sometimes cracked skin.

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What is psoriatic arthritis?

Psoriatic arthritis is a joint-affecting condition that occurs in 5 to 30% of psoriasis patients. It causes stiffness, pain, swelling, and tenderness in joints, ligaments, and tendons.

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How does psoriasis affect the nails?

Nail involvement in psoriasis affects about 1/3 of patients. It manifests as pitting, discoloration, and nail separation.

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What is rosacea?

Rosacea is a chronic skin condition causing facial redness, often with small pustules, telangiectasia, and thickened skin. It can lead to rhinophyma, a bulbous nose.

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What are the triggers for rosacea flare-ups?

Rosacea is typically triggered by things like direct sunlight, strenuous exercise, extreme temperatures, spicy foods, hot beverages, and alcohol.

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What is hidradenitis suppurativa?

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory condition mainly affecting the axillae, groin, and around the nipples and anus. It involves hair follicles becoming blocked, leading to painful nodules and pus drainage.

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How is hidradenitis suppurativa treated?

Hidradenitis suppurativa treatment often involves warm compresses, laser hair removal, and sometimes surgical excision. It is not usually effectively treated with drugs.

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Can you massage someone with psoriasis

Local massage is contraindicated for psoriasis when there is broken skin at lesions. Light massage is possible without broken skin, with patient consent.

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Can you massage someone with rosacea?

Avoid massage over areas with pustules in rosacea. However, gentle massage may be possible in other areas, always inquiring about sensitivity first.

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Can you massage someone with hidradenitis suppurativa?

Massage contraindications for hidradenitis suppurativa exist with any pustules present. Sensitivity in the affected areas should always be assessed.

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What are drug eruptions?

Various drugs are known to cause skin reactions, ranging in severity. It's crucial to be aware of potential drug-induced skin eruptions.

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What is acne vulgaris?

A skin condition characterized by inflammation of the hair follicle (folliculitis) and sebaceous gland, leading to comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, cysts, and nodules.

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What is folliculitis?

A fungal infection of the hair follicle that can cause inflammation and pus formation.

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What is a furuncle?

A deeper infection of the hair follicle that involves the surrounding skin. It is typically accompanied by pus formation and often called a boil.

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What is a carbuncle?

A cluster of multiple furuncles.

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What is pseudofolliculitis barbae?

An inflammatory skin condition caused by ingrown beard hairs. It occurs when hair curls back into the skin, leading to irritation and inflammation.

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What is impetigo?

A highly contagious bacterial infection of the skin, typically appearing as itchy, honey-colored crusts.

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What is Varicella Zoster (Chickenpox)?

Highly contagious viral infection spread via respiratory droplets and direct contact with lesions. Caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Contagious 2 days before rash to 6 days after onset of rash.

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What is Herpes Zoster (Shingles)?

Dermatomal rash caused by reactivation of dormant varicella-zoster virus. Dormant in dorsal root ganglia after initial infection.

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What is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)?

Highly contagious, recurrent viral infection that can cause oral lesions (cold sores) or genital lesions depending on the strain.

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What is Molluscum Contagiosum (MC)?

Highly contagious viral infection, common in children. Spread via contact or indirect contact.

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What is Erysipelas?

Bacterial infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics. It's a superficial form of cellulitis.

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What is Cellulitis?

Bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. Often arises from previous skin wound or boil.

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What are Warts?

Caused by exposure to human papilloma virus (HPV). Easily spread from one body part to another on the same person.

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What are Common Warts (verrucae vulgaris)?

Firm growths with a rough surface and a sharply demarcated border. Round or irregular, yellow, brown, or grayish in colour. Usually painless.

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What are Plantar Warts?

Look similar to common warts. May be more tender. 'Seeded' lesions that flatten with pressure and have pinpoint bleeding when trimmed.

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Fungal Skin Infections

Fungal infections of the skin that are extremely common and caused by dermatophytes, which occupy the dead topmost layer of skin.

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Massage and Tinea Infections

All tinea infections are a local contraindication for massage therapy. The lesions should not be massaged as they are contagious and can spread through direct contact.

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Massage and Candidiasis

Vaginal and penile candidiasis do not pose special considerations for massage therapy and can be treated normally. However, oral candidiasis is a local contraindication for massage therapy, especially around the neck and face.

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Massage and Tinea Versicolor

Lesions from Tinea Versicolor are not painful and are not contagious, making them a local massage contraindication.

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What is Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)?

A life-threatening type IV hypersensitivity reaction where necrosis causes the dermis to separate from the epidermis, involving mucous membranes. Often triggered by medications like sulfa drugs.

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What is Erythema Multiforme?

A type IV hypersensitivity reaction characterized by target-shaped skin lesions, sometimes involving the oral mucosa. Commonly triggered by infections like herpes simplex virus.

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What is Urticaria?

An inflammatory skin disorder typically associated with allergic reactions, characterized by transient, edematous papules mediated by histamine.

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What is Seborrheic Dermatitis?

A chronic, inflammatory disease of skin rich with sebaceous glands, leading to dandruff and yellow, greasy-appearing flakes.

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What is Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)?

A common inflammatory skin condition, often linked to genetics and allergies. It's characterized by itchy, dry, scaly, and sometimes cracked skin.

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Psoriatic Arthritis

A joint-affecting condition that can occur in people with psoriasis, causing stiffness, pain, swelling, and tenderness in joints, ligaments, and tendons.

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Rosacea

A chronic condition characterized by facial redness, small pustules, and blood vessels becoming visible (telangiectasia).

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Hidradenitis Suppurativa

A chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting the hair follicles, typically in areas like the armpits, groin, and buttocks. It causes painful nodules and pus drainage.

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Drug Eruptions

These occur when certain medications cause skin reactions. The reactions vary in severity, from mild rashes to serious blistering and peeling.

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Massage and Psoriasis

Massage is contraindicated over areas with broken skin. If no open skin exists, light massage might be possible with patient consent.

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Massage and Rosacea

Massage should be done with caution. Avoid areas with pustules. Ask about sensitivity over affected areas.

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Massage and Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Massage is contraindicated over any areas with pustules. Always inquire about sensitivity in affected areas.

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Rosacea Triggers

These are triggers for Rosacea flares: Direct sunlight, strenuous exercise, extreme temperatures, spicy foods, hot beverages, and alcohol.

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Rosacea Treatment

Topical antibiotics for the inflammatory phase of rosacea.

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Study Notes

Integumentary Pathology

  • Integumentary Pathology is the study of skin conditions.
  • Lesions are variations from normal skin tissue.
  • Lesions are classified as either primary or secondary.
  • Primary lesions are direct responses to a disease, while secondary lesions develop from primary lesions or external forces.

Skin Lesions

  • A lesion is any variation from normal tissue.
  • Primary lesions are categorized by: macule, papule, nodule, tumor, plaque, wheal, vesicle, bulla, pustule.
  • Secondary lesions are categorized by: scales, crust, fissure, ulcer, scar, atrophy.

Bacterial Infections

  • Acne Vulgaris (Acne): A common, inflammatory skin condition.
  • Acne (also called acne folliculitis) is an obstructive, inflammatory condition of pilosebaceous units.
  • Overproduction of sebum creates a keratin plug which becomes infected by bacteria. This forms comedones (pimples).

Acne Vulgaris (Acne)

  • Epidemiology: Most common in younger individuals (12-25), males tend to have more severe cases. Puberty-driven increase in androgen surge triggers onset.
  • Etiology: Follicular keratinization blocks the follicle, increased sebum production by sebaceous glands due to androgens, colonization by Propionibacterium acnes (normal flora). Genetics play a major role in development.
  • Triggers: hormonal changes (puberty, periods, pregnancy), greasy or oily products, certain drugs (steroids, testosterone, estrogen), excessive sweating, and touching/rubbing the skin.
  • Signs and Symptoms: comedones (blackheads, whiteheads), papules, pustules, cysts.
  • Treatment: Limit triggers; OTC and/or rx creams and medications; skin cleansers, topical/oral antibiotics are used if acne is widespread.
  • Massage and Acne: Avoid affected areas, especially if inflamed; avoid table warmers/hot packs over affected area. Not contagious.

Infections of Hair Follicles

  • Folliculitis: Inflammation of hair follicle.
  • Furuncle: Inflammation of hair follicle that extends into deeper skin layers; an abscess (pus) forms. This is also known as a boil.
  • Carbuncle: A group of furuncles.
  • Definition: Infection of skin with inflammation of hair follicle.
  • Etiology: MC is bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus); may also be due to viruses or fungi; irritation due to hair follicle regrowth (folliculitis barbae), occlusion (clothing or topical medications).
  • Symptoms: Pustules around hair and surrounding area of erythema; furuncles and carbuncles show more pus formation, possible pruritus and itching.
  • Treatment: Topical cleansers and antibiotics; antivirals/antifungals if cause is viral or fungal; for furuncles/carbuncles- drain before healing; warm compress aids pus surfacing.
  • Massage and Inflammation of hair follicles: Same principles as for acne vulgaris; avoid affected areas especially if inflamed; avoid use of table warmers/hot packs; most cases are NOT contagious but some may be.

Pseudofolliculitis Barbae

  • Definition: Ingrown beard hairs, irritation of skin and hair follicles, hair curls into the skin causing inflammation.
  • Presentation: Itchy, red papules and/or pustules, DDx from folliculitis barbae (bacterial), pseudofolliculitis typically more chronic and has firm papules, sterile (folliculitis barbae typically more acute, pustules, not sterile)
  • Epidemiology: More common in black men.
  • Treatment: Warm compress, Oral/topical AB if infection occurs.

Impetigo

  • Definition: Bacterial infection of the superficial layers of skin; deeper variant is called ecthyma.
  • Epidemiology: More common in children, can occur at any age.
  • Etiology: MC cause is streptococcus bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Signs and Symptoms: Vesicular or pustular lesions that itch or burn, lesions rupture and ooze, releasing exudate which turns to honey-coloured crust, possible lymphadenopathy, fever uncommon.
  • Prevention of spreading is key. Handwashing; keep wounds clean; do not share linens/utensils.
  • Treatment and Prognosis: Topical or oral antibiotics; usually heals without any scars.
  • Massage and Impetigo: Local contraindication, highly contagious, skin lesions must be covered during massage and use caution when massaging clients.

Cellulitis

  • Definition: Bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues, often arises from previous skin wound or boil.
  • Etiology: MC causes: Staphylococcus aureus, group A Streptococcus infection.
  • Signs and Symptoms: Redness, warmth, tenderness, and swelling in an area where the skin was previously damaged; Left untreated, the area of redness tends to expand over time; red streaks, proximal to the site (lymphangitis). Group A Streptococcus can cause blistering; systemic sx: possible fever, chills, lymphadenopathy, headache
  • Treatment and Prognosis: Oral antibiotics based on suspected organism; left untreated, cellulitis can be life-threatening, spread to bloodstream.
  • Massage and Cellulitis: Local contraindication; not contagious; refer to healthcare provider for evaluation if symptoms are present.

Erysipelas

  • Definition: Bacterial infection of upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, superficial form of cellulitis.
  • Etiology: MC cause is various Streptococcus species.
  • Epidemiology: MC in older and younger individuals.
  • Signs and Symptoms: Erythematous lesion of skin with sharply demarcated, raised border, orange-peel skin; warm, swollen, painful/tender; lymphadenopathy and possible lymphedema; systemic sx: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, fatigue, and general malaise.
  • Treatment and Prognosis: Oral or IV antibiotics based on severity; tx should be prompt- avoid sepsis, tissue necrosis, or PSGN (post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis).
  • Massage and Erysipelas: Local contraindication; not contagious; refer to healthcare provider for evaluation if symptoms are present.
  • (and so on... updating all sections with the same format and approach based on the provided information.)*

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Integumentary Pathology PDF

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Test your knowledge on dermatological conditions such as Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and Urticaria. This quiz covers triggers, distinguishing symptoms, treatment approaches, and the stages of dermatitis. Perfect for medical students and healthcare professionals.

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