Depressive Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which theory describes depression as the result of a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement for social behaviors?

  • Seligman’s learned helplessness model
  • Lewinsohn’s social reinforcement theory (correct)
  • Beck’s cognitive theory
  • Koenigs & Grafman's theory

    • Which theory links depression to repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative life events?

  • Beck’s cognitive theory
  • Seligman’s learned helplessness model (correct)
  • Lewinsohn’s social reinforcement theory
  • Koenigs & Grafman's theory

    • Which theory attributes depression to a negative cognitive triad?

  • Beck’s cognitive theory (correct)
  • Koenigs & Grafman's theory
  • Seligman’s learned helplessness model
  • Lewinsohn’s social reinforcement theory

    • Which of the following is a symptom required for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder?

    <p>Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must the characteristic symptoms persist for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder?

    <p>One year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychotherapies are evidence-based for the prevention and treatment of peripartum depression?

    <p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters have been found to be related to depression?

    <p>Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specifier with seasonal pattern also known as?

    <p>Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concordance rate for unipolar depression in monozygotic twins?

    <p>0.50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis play in depression?

    <p>It regulates the body's reaction to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom required for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder?

    <p>Feelings of hopelessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specifier with peripartum onset also known as?

    <p>Postpartum depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must the characteristic symptoms persist for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder in adults?

    <p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors must be considered before prescribing antidepressants for peripartum depression?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stress hormone associated with an increased risk for depression?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which areas of the brain have been linked to structural and functional abnormalities in depression?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concordance rate for unipolar depression in dizygotic twins?

    <p>.20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lewinsohn’s social reinforcement theory, depression is the result of a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement for social behaviors due to a lack of reinforcement in the environment and/or poor social skills. This results in social isolation, low self-esteem, pessimism, and other characteristics of depression that, in turn, further decrease the likelihood of positive reinforcement in the future.

    <p>Social isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seligman's learned helplessness model links depression to repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative life events. What does the reformulated version of the model emphasize?

    <p>The role of a negative cognitive style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Beck's cognitive theory attributes depression to a negative cognitive triad. What are the three components of this negative cognitive triad?

    <p>Negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a depressive disorder according to the DSM-5-TR?

    <p>Bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must the characteristic symptoms persist for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder?

    <p>At least 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specifier with peripartum onset also known as?

    <p>Postpartum depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors has been linked to an increased risk for depression in individuals exposed to chronic stress?

    <p>Persistent hyperactivity of the HPA axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas of the brain has been associated with abnormally high levels of activity in depression?

    <p>Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concordance rate for unipolar depression in dizygotic twins?

    <p>.40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential negative effect of prescribing antidepressants for peripartum depression?

    <p>Increased risk for the developing fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory describes depression as the result of a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement for social behaviors due to a lack of reinforcement in the environment and/or poor social skills?

    <p>Lewinsohn’s social reinforcement theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Seligman’s reformulated version of the learned helplessness model emphasize?

    <p>A negative cognitive style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Beck’s cognitive theory, what does depression attribute to?

    <p>A negative cognitive triad</p> Signup and view all the answers

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