Psychiatric Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a psychotic feature of depression?

  • Hallucinations
  • Catatonic symptoms
  • Delusions
  • Mood reactivity (correct)

    • Beck's cognitive theory suggests that affective symptoms of depression precede cognitive symptoms.

    False

    What symptom characterizes the depressed phase of cyclothymic disorder?

    Loss of interest or pleasure in activities

    Individuals with cyclothymic disorder may be at an increased risk of developing __________ disorders.

    <p>bipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms or theories with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Hopelessness Theory = Negative life events lead to depression through hopelessness Beck's Cognitive Theory = Cognitive symptoms precede affective symptoms Cyclothymic Disorder = Milder emotional ups and downs than bipolar disorder Bipolar II Disorder = Clear-cut hypomanic episodes without full-blown manic episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation behind factitious disorder?

    <p>Benefits of a 'sick role'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of a mixed episode in bipolar disorder?

    <p>Symptoms of both mania and major depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissociative fugue is a subtype of dissociative identity disorder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with bipolar II disorder experience full-blown manic episodes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary features of dissociative disorders?

    <p>Disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of bipolar patients are reported to occasionally experience mixed states?

    <p>28 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ___________, a person's sense of the reality of the outside world is temporarily lost.

    <p>derealization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Factitious Disorder = Motivated by benefits of a 'sick role' Malingering Disorder = Motivated by external incentives Dissociative Amnesia = Failure to recall personal information Dissociative Fugue = Departure from home and inability to recall personal history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by a preoccupation with fears of having or getting a serious disease?

    <p>Hypochondriasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Somatization disorder is more common in men than in women.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is widely accepted as effective for treating hypochondriasis?

    <p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conversion disorder involves symptoms that affect sensory or voluntary motor functions, leading one to think the patient has a __________ condition.

    <p>medical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disorders with their characteristics:

    <p>Hypochondriasis = Preoccupation with fears of serious disease Somatization disorder = Characterized by many different complaints of physical ailments Pain disorder = Persistent and severe pain without other significant symptoms Conversion disorder = Symptoms affecting sensory or motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding pain disorder?

    <p>It is characterized by pain symptoms without other somatic symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive-behavioral techniques are not beneficial for treating conversion disorder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible genetic predisposition associated with somatization disorder?

    <p>There may be a genetic predisposition to the disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age of onset for bipolar II disorder in comparison to bipolar I disorder?

    <p>5 years later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person can be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder while being depressed, without any history of manic or mixed episodes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one neurochemical factor involved in regulating mood states.

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lifetime prevalence of depression in the U.S. is approximately ___.

    <p>17-19%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatments with their categories:

    <p>Electroconvulsive therapy = Alternative Biological Treatments Cognitive-behavioral therapy = Psychotherapy Lithium = Pharmacotherapy Deep brain stimulation = Alternative Biological Treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stressful life events are considered a psychological factor influencing bipolar disorder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people with bipolar disorder may experience rapid cycling?

    <p>5 to 10 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In many Asian cultures, depressive symptoms often take the form of ___ symptoms rather than psychological symptoms.

    <p>somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized form of psychotherapy used to treat mood disorders?

    <p>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for social phobia?

    <p>Exposure therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive biases toward 'danger schemas' can contribute to social anxiety disorder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult?

    <p>Agoraphobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Panic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of panic attacks that often seem to come 'out of the ______'.

    <p>blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

    <p>OCD = Unwanted intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviors Generalized Anxiety Disorder = Chronic excessive worry about various events Social Phobia = Fear of exposure to scrutiny and potential negative evaluation Panic Disorder = Recurrent unexpected panic attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a panic attack?

    <p>Excessive hand washing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comorbidity is when an individual suffers from one or more disorders at the same time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a common type of medication used in the treatment of panic disorder.

    <p>Anxiolytics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychotic, Atypical, Catatonic Features, and Seasonal Patterns

    • Psychotic features include delusions and hallucinations.
    • Atypical features include mood reactivity.
    • Catatonic features are a range of psychomotor symptoms.
    • Seasonal patterns are affected by changes in the amount of sunlight exposure.

    Beck’s Cognitive Theory and Hopelessness Theory of Depression

    • Beck hypothesized that negative thoughts precede and cause depressive symptoms rather than vice versa.
    • Beck's cognitive model of depression describes a pattern of negative automatic thoughts in three themes: self, world, and future.
    • The hopelessness theory of depression posits that a combination of pessimistic attributional style and negative life events can lead to depression if hopelessness sets in.
    • Excessive rumination is characterized by repetitive and passive mental activity.
    • Cyclothymic Disorder: Involves less extreme emotional ups and downs than bipolar disorder, lasting at least 2 years.
      • Depressed Phase: Marked by low mood, loss of interest, low energy, feelings of inadequacy, social withdrawal, and pessimism.
      • Hypomanic Phase: Increased physical and mental energy, potentially leading to creativity and productivity.
    • Bipolar Disorders (I and II): Distinguished from major depressive disorder by the presence of mania.
      • Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by full-blown manic or mixed episodes.
        • Mixed Episode: Symptoms of both manic and depressive episodes persisting for at least a week. Approximately 28% of bipolar patients experience mixed states.
      • Bipolar II Disorder: Involves hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes, but without full-blown manic or mixed episodes. Evolves into Bipolar I disorder in only 5 to 15% of cases.
    • Manic Depressive Spectrum: Refers to a range of bipolarity in moods.
      • Manic and hypomanic episodes tend to be shorter than depressive episodes.
      • A person cannot be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder without experiencing at least one manic or mixed episode.
    • Rapid Cycling: Characterized by at least four episodes (manic or depressive) each year.
      • Occurs in 5 to 10% of individuals with bipolar disorder.

    Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorders

    • Biological Factors*
      • Genetic Influences: Stronger genetic component compared to unipolar disorder.
      • Neurochemical Factors: Elevated levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine are implicated in mood regulation.
      • Abnormalities of Hormonal Regulatory Systems: Potential disruptions in ion transport across neural membranes.
      • Sleep and biological Rhythms: Disruptions can trigger or worsen mood episodes.
      • Neurophysiologic and Neuroanatomic Influences: Structural and functional differences in brain regions involved in mood regulation.
    • Psychological Factors*
      • Stressful Life Events: Can act as triggers for mood episodes.
      • Other: Personality variables like neuroticism and achievement striving, low social support, pessimistic attributional style, can contribute to mood disorder vulnerability.

    Sociocultural Factors Affecting Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders

    • Cross-Cultural Differences in Depressive Symptoms:*
      • Depression is present across cultures but can manifest differently.
        • In China and Japan, somatic and vegetative symptoms are more common than psychological symptoms like guilt and suicidal ideation.
        • This could be attributed to cultural beliefs associating body and mind or the stigma surrounding mental illness.
    • Cross-Cultural Differences in Prevalence:*
      • Rates of depression fluctuate, while rates of bipolar disorder are relatively consistent.
      • Lifetime prevalence of depression is high in the U.S., but lower in Taiwan.
        • The reasons for disparity in depression rates are not yet fully understood.
    • Demographic Differences within the United States:*
      • Higher rates of depression observed in Native Americans and lower rates in African Americans.
      • Depression is inversely related to socioeconomic status in the U.S.
      • Artists, particularly writers, are more susceptible to mood disorders.

    Treatments and Outcomes for Mood Disorders

    • Pharmacotherapy*
      • Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotic medications are used to manage mood disorders.
      • SSRIs are the latest generation of antidepressants.
      • Drug efficacy often requires weeks to manifest.
      • Lithium is a common mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder.
    • Alternative Biological Treatments*
      • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
      • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
      • Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
      • Bright light therapy
    • Psychotherapy*
      • Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
      • Behavioural activation treatment
      • Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
      • Family and marital therapy

    Suicide and Depression

    - Suicide risk poses a significant concern in all types of depression.

    Somatic Symptom Disorder Patterns

    • Hypochondriasis (now Somatic Symptom Disorder): Characterized by a persistent fear of having or developing a serious illness. Preoccupation with physical symptoms and reassurance seeking are common features. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective.

    • Somatization Disorder: Involves numerous physical complaints that persist for several years, beginning before age 30, unrelated to medical illness or injury. These complaints include pain, gastrointestinal, sexual, and neurological symptoms, affecting multiple body systems. Higher prevalence in women and often co-occurs with major depression and panic disorder. Treatments typically involve a combination of medical management and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

    • Pain Disorder (now part of Somatic Symptom Disorder): Characterized by persistent and severe pain in one or more body areas, often without a clear medical explanation. Does not include other somatization symptoms. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a frequently used treatment approach.

    • Conversion Disorder: Involves symptoms affecting sensory or voluntary motor functions, suggesting a medical condition without actual medical basis. The symptoms can be neurological, but are considered psychological in origin. The role of repressed sexual energy was theorized by Freud. Conversion symptoms can serve a "primary gain" by avoiding stressful situations and often have "secondary gains" like attention or financial compensation. Treatments often include behavioral therapy and, in some cases, hypnosis.

    Illness Anxiety Disorder

    • Intense anxiety about having or developing a serious illness. Even with reassurance, the fear persists.

    Factitious Disorder vs. Malingering

    • Malingering Disorder: Motivated by external incentives like avoiding work, obtaining drugs, or financial gain.
    • Factitious Disorder: People feign illness deliberately for the benefits of the "sick role," including attention and sympathy. The motivation is internal rather than external.
    • It can be difficult to distinguish between these disorders and somatic symptom disorders like conversion disorder, requiring careful assessment.

    Dissociative Disorders

    • A group of conditions characterized by disruptions in normally integrated functions like consciousness, memory, identity, and perception.

    Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

    • Derealization: Temporary loss of the sense of reality of the external world.
    • Depersonalization: Temporary loss of one's sense of self and reality.
    • If these experiences recur and disrupt daily life, the diagnosis of Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder is considered.

    Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue

    • Dissociative Amnesia: Impaired recall of personal information that is not due to ordinary forgetting.
    • Dissociative Fugue (Subtype of Dissociative Amnesia): Involves amnesia alongside a departure from home surroundings.

    Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

    • Multiple distinct identities or personalities that alternate in control of the individual's behavior.
    • Innate responses contribute to development.
    • Treatment: Exposure therapy, participant modeling, virtual reality components, and cognitive techniques are employed to help individuals integrate identities.

    Social Phobias (Social Anxiety Disorder)

    • Marked by disabling fears of specific social situations. The fear is triggered by exposure to scrutiny and potential negative evaluations by others.
    • Psychological Causal Factors: Learned behavior, evolutionary predispositions, perceptions of uncontrollability, cognitive biases towards social danger, and unpredictability.
    • Treatment*
    • Cognitive therapy: Cognitive restructuring to address negative thoughts.
    • Behavioral therapy: Exposure to social situations.
    • Medications: Antidepressants, particularly SSRIs.

    Panic Disorders

    • Presence of panic attacks that often seem to occur suddenly.
    • Recurrent, unexpected attacks combined with persistent worry about future attacks.
    • Panic attacks are brief but intense.

    Agoraphobia

    • Fear of situations that are difficult or embarrassing to escape from, such as public transportation, open spaces, or enclosed spaces.
    • Stems from the Greek word "agora," meaning public place or marketplace.

    Comorbidity With Panic Disorder

    • 83% of individuals with panic disorder have at least one comorbid disorder, often depression, substance use, or anxiety.

    Panic Circle

    • A self-perpetuating cycle where physical symptoms of anxiety (e.g., increased heart rate, dizziness) are misinterpreted as a medical emergency or a threat, leading to more anxiety.

    Treatment for Panic Disorder

    • Medications: Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines), antidepressants (SSRIs), or antipsychotics.
    • Behavioral treatments: Exposure therapy to feared situations.
    • Cognitive-behavioral treatments: Cognitive restructuring and relaxation techniques.

    Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

    • Chronic excessive worry about various everyday events and activities that persists for at least 6 months.

    Causal Factors in GAD

    • Psychoanalytic theory suggests a conflict between the id and ego.
    • Cognitive factors like worry positive or negative and attentional biases toward threatening information.

    Treatment for GAD

    • Anxiolytic drugs (benzodiazepines) are often used, but they can have addictive potential and lose their effectiveness over time.
    • Buspirone (non-benzodiazepine), is a non-sedating, non-addictive option, but it can cause nausea.
    • Cognitive-behavioral therapy, particularly the "And then what?" technique aims to challenge worry patterns.

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

    • Characterized by unwanted and intrusive obsessive thoughts or distressing mental images, and repetitive compulsions that are intended to relieve anxiety associated with obsessions.
    • Obsessions: Common obsessions include contamination fears, fears of harming oneself or others, and intrusive thoughts.
    • Compulsions: Include rituals like cleaning, checking, counting, or arranging objects.
    • Often occurs alongside other anxiety disorders and mood disorders.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts related to psychotic features, atypical characteristics, and seasonal patterns of depression, as well as Beck’s cognitive theory and hopelessness theory. Additionally, it touches on bipolar and related disorders, including cyclothymic disorder. Test your knowledge on these important psychological topics.

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