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Questions and Answers
What should you do if a patient's airway is deemed to be imminently at risk?
What should you do if a patient's airway is deemed to be imminently at risk?
Transfer them in an ambulance.
What is the risk associated with human and animal bites?
What is the risk associated with human and animal bites?
They can be a source of infection.
The incidence of post-extraction infection is reported to be between 0.5% and 3%.
The incidence of post-extraction infection is reported to be between 0.5% and 3%.
True
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the _____
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the _____
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What is a Quincy?
What is a Quincy?
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What are the management steps for a patient with bacterial sinusitis?
What are the management steps for a patient with bacterial sinusitis?
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Which factors are risk factors for osteomyelitis?
Which factors are risk factors for osteomyelitis?
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What is Noma?
What is Noma?
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What organism is responsible for syphilis?
What organism is responsible for syphilis?
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What should you be able to recognize by the end of the session regarding bacterial infections?
What should you be able to recognize by the end of the session regarding bacterial infections?
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What is important to differentiate in managing oral infections?
What is important to differentiate in managing oral infections?
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What is the immediate management for an abscess?
What is the immediate management for an abscess?
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What should be conducted on all patients admitted with an acute abscess?
What should be conducted on all patients admitted with an acute abscess?
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What can the signs and symptoms of infection include?
What can the signs and symptoms of infection include?
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What is Ludwig's angina?
What is Ludwig's angina?
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What risk factors should you assess in a patient with a dental infection?
What risk factors should you assess in a patient with a dental infection?
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What are the potential consequences of repeated courses of antibiotics for bacterial infections?
What are the potential consequences of repeated courses of antibiotics for bacterial infections?
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What imaging might be required to determine the extent of infection?
What imaging might be required to determine the extent of infection?
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What is the likely diagnosis in a case of a dental abscess?
What is the likely diagnosis in a case of a dental abscess?
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What condition can present with drooling saliva and difficulty speaking?
What condition can present with drooling saliva and difficulty speaking?
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What is the typical presentation of primary syphilis?
What is the typical presentation of primary syphilis?
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What size is a primary syphilis lesion typically?
What size is a primary syphilis lesion typically?
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When does secondary syphilis usually occur?
When does secondary syphilis usually occur?
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How does tertiary syphilis present?
How does tertiary syphilis present?
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What dental signs are associated with congenital syphilis?
What dental signs are associated with congenital syphilis?
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What is a common treatment for early infections of syphilis?
What is a common treatment for early infections of syphilis?
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What symptoms are associated with gonorrhoea?
What symptoms are associated with gonorrhoea?
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The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae primarily infects the ______.
The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae primarily infects the ______.
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What bacterial infection is known for affecting the mediastinum?
What bacterial infection is known for affecting the mediastinum?
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What signs are indicative of Lyme disease?
What signs are indicative of Lyme disease?
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Tuberculosis is primarily a respiratory disease.
Tuberculosis is primarily a respiratory disease.
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What is a common treatment approach for tuberculosis?
What is a common treatment approach for tuberculosis?
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Complications from dental infections can lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis.
Complications from dental infections can lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis.
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What triad of symptoms characterize Reiter's syndrome?
What triad of symptoms characterize Reiter's syndrome?
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What was the historically used treatment for syphilis that is no longer common?
What was the historically used treatment for syphilis that is no longer common?
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Scarlet fever can develop secondary to ______.
Scarlet fever can develop secondary to ______.
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What is a severe consequence of acute necrotising gingivitis if left untreated?
What is a severe consequence of acute necrotising gingivitis if left untreated?
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What is a common complication associated with odontogenic sinusitis?
What is a common complication associated with odontogenic sinusitis?
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Which of the following describes the typical appearance of ulcers in acute ulcerative gingivitis?
Which of the following describes the typical appearance of ulcers in acute ulcerative gingivitis?
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Which bacterium is usually associated with lesions in actinomycosis?
Which bacterium is usually associated with lesions in actinomycosis?
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What mechanism of infection is most commonly implicated in obstructive sialadenitis?
What mechanism of infection is most commonly implicated in obstructive sialadenitis?
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Which type of abscess commonly drains through bone or apically through a buccal sinus?
Which type of abscess commonly drains through bone or apically through a buccal sinus?
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What is a characteristic clinical presentation of Ludwig's angina?
What is a characteristic clinical presentation of Ludwig's angina?
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Which statement accurately describes the spread of suppurative odontogenic infections?
Which statement accurately describes the spread of suppurative odontogenic infections?
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Which bacterial species is commonly found in endodontic abscesses?
Which bacterial species is commonly found in endodontic abscesses?
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What defines a dental abscess?
What defines a dental abscess?
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Which type of bacteria is more common in patients with dental infections who are not diabetic?
Which type of bacteria is more common in patients with dental infections who are not diabetic?
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What does a cumulative NEWS score of 5 or more indicate?
What does a cumulative NEWS score of 5 or more indicate?
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Which space is located above the mylohyoid muscle?
Which space is located above the mylohyoid muscle?
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which type of leprosy causes oral lesions?
which type of leprosy causes oral lesions?
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Study Notes
Oral and Sinus Bacterial Infections in the Dental Setting
- Dental Infections: A leading cause of facial swelling, arising from teeth and gums.
- Differential Diagnosis: Differentiate between abscesses and cellulitis based on management needs.
- Abscesses: Need drainage to relieve pressure, pain and allow antibiotic penetration.
- Cellulitis: Inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue, does not require surgical drainage.
-
Common Causes of Dental Infections:
- Untreated dental decay leading to pulpitis and apical abscess.
- Partially erupted teeth with debris trapped below the gum line.
- Trauma to teeth resulting in non-vitality and infection.
- Periodontal disease leading to pocket formation and bacteria/debris trapping.
- Clinical Presentation: Erythema, fever, pain, swelling, malaise.
- Sepsis Monitoring: Essential for patients with signs of infection and abnormal baseline observations.
- NEWS Score: A tool for monitoring patient stability and determining escalation of care. Higher score indicates increased morbidity and mortality risk.
-
Management of Dental Abscesses:
- Assess patient's well-being (airway risk, sepsis).
- If systemically well, refer to a dentist for treatment (extraction or opening of infected teeth).
- Drainage of pus by dentist or emergency dental team.
- For severe swelling or airway compromise, urgent specialist assessment.
- Septic patients require hospital admission for IV antibiotics, extraction, drainage.
-
Potential Space Infections: Pus can track to surrounding spaces including:
- Peripharyngeal spaces
- Mediastinum (rare)
- Intracranial spaces (rare)
-
Ludwig's Angina: A life-threatening bilateral neck swelling due to sublingual space infection – characterized by:
- Diffuse neck swelling
- Hot potato speech
- Drooling saliva
- Imminent airway obstruction
- Requires emergency surgical intervention and airway management.
-
Antibiotic Management:
- Most infections are mixed aerobic and anaerobic, requiring moxifloxacin with metronidazole.
- Obtain microbiology swabs for culture and sensitivity to identify resistant strains.
- Preventing Resistance: Early intervention to treat the cause of the infection will reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance.
-
Clinical Case Summary:
- A 50 year old male presented with a 3-day history of neck swelling and pain.
- Key findings included: broken tooth, raised temperature, swelling, limited mouth opening, tender erythema, NEWS score of 4.
- Diagnosis: Submandibular and buccal space dental abscess.
- Management: Hospital admission, intravenous antibiotics, drainage, tooth extraction.
Other Oral and Intracranial Bacterial Infections
- Human and Animal Bites: A source of bacterial infection, particularly puncture wounds which are difficult to clean.
- Puncture Wounds: Can be prone to infection due to the difficult cleaning process.
- Examples of Bites: Cat bites, dog bites.
Cat Bites
- Cat bites are a common occurrence and pose a significant risk of infection, due to the complex bacteria present in their oral flora
- It is relatively infrequent, but there are cases where adults and children suffer human bites to their faces, lips, nose, ears, and even tongues.
- Hospitals have protocols for cleaning and dressing bite wounds and for antibiotic regimens.
- Important to refer to hospital protocols when working with bite wounds.
Nosocomial Infections
- Most clinical infections are care-acquired infections that may occur within 40 hours of admission, 72 hours of surgery, 72 hours of discharge, or 30 days after surgery.
- Examples include cannulas, sinus infections, catheter-associated infections, surgical site infections, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and C. difficile infections.
- For dental patients, the risk of nonsurgical site infection is low.
- Important to be aware of the risk of triggering a C. difficile infection through antibiotic prescribing.
- Incidence of post-extraction infection is reported at between 0.5% and 3% in the literature.
- Post-operative infections for all surgeries, not just dental, may be caused by endogenous contamination of the patient's flora or exogenous causes (dirty instruments, hands, or dressings).
- Community-based patients are at greater risk of MRSA acquisition and therefore excellent cross-infection control measures are essential.
- Dental patients are more susceptible to colonization by microorganisms responsible for nosocomial infections, especially those with dental prostheses.
- Always be vigilant to prevent cross-infection between yourself, the patient, patient escorts, and the rest of the team.
Osteomyelitis
- Infection of the bone, with 90% of cases occurring in the mandible, and 90% of those cases being of dental origin.
- There is a slight female predilection.
- Patients may present with pain, swelling, tenderness, sequestration, or possibly temporomandibular arthritis.
- First line investigations include plain film radiographs.
- Bone cultures are required to identify the causative microbes.
- Histology is required to exclude other pathologies such as malignancy.
- A CT or MRI scan may be indicated to determine the extent of the pathology and aid surgical planning.
- Risk factors include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, immunocompromised states, poorly controlled diabetes, poor vascular supply, recent trauma, and sickle cell disease.
- Differential diagnosis includes neoplastic change, healing fractures, osteonecrosis, medication-related osteonecrosis, radiation exposure, or anti-osteoclastic drugs such as bisphosphonates or some monoclonal antibody therapies.
- Osteonecrosis and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw can become secondarily infected and are difficult to treat due to compromised or absent blood supply.
- Management requires long courses of antibiotics, sequestrectomy, and possibly resection and reconstruction of the affected area.
- Complications include chronic pain, draining sinuses, pathological fracture, disfigurement, and reduced quality of life.
Infected Tumors
- Patients usually present with severe inflammation, halitosis, and systemic unwellness.
- Tissue and pus samples are required for histopathology, analysis and diagnosis, and for microbiology cultures and sensitivity testing.
- Infected tumors are difficult to treat with poor prognosis.
- Specialist care within the head and neck team is essential.
Peritonsillar Abscess (Quincy)
- An emergency due to the risk of airway obstruction.
- Management includes drainage, antibiotics, analgesia, and fluid.
Bacterial Sinusitis
- Can mimic toothache of the upper posterior teeth.
- Similarly, an infected or inflamed tooth can cause odontogenic sinusitis.
- Careful history and examination are important.
- Self-management with rest, analgesics, fluids and simple saline rinses may resolve the symptoms.
- For severe cases, a GP needs to be contacted.
- Up to 70% of chronic unilateral maxillary sinusitis is secondary to dental infection.
- Pathology can be of dental or odontogenic origin (infected teeth, perforation in the sinus membrane during implant placement, or root filling material displacement).
- Management involves removing the cause of infection, draining the infection, and cleaning the area.
Submandibular Pain and Swelling
- May be caused by an infected, obstructive salivary stone.
- Depending on the location and size of the stone, it may resolve on its own.
- Recurrent infections may require stone removal.
- Deep stones may require removal of the associated gland.
- Lithotripsy or basket retrieval may be options in some cases.
Acute Ulcerative Gingivitis and Acute Necrotizing Gingivitis
- Relatively uncommon in industrialized countries.
- Associated with poverty and HIV.
- Patients present with punched-out gingival craters, severe halitosis, bleeding, and malaise.
- Higher recurrence rate if underlying causes are not addressed.
- Requires urgent and aggressive treatment, including removal of the pseudomembrane and targeted antibiotics.
Noma
- Rapidly progressive necrotising disease that destroys the mouth and face.
- Fatality rates are around 90% without treatment.
- Most common in 2 to 6 year-olds living in extreme poverty with malnutrition and immunosuppression.
- Management focuses on treating the infection and underlying causes.
- Necrotic tissue must be thoroughly divided and any loose teeth removed.
- Once the resolution of the infection is achieved, reconstruction may be required.
- Access to care can be limited for many patients.
Actinomycosis
- Caused by Actinomyces spp., gram-positive filamentous bacilli.
- Usually part of the human commensal flora of the oropharynx, GI tract, and urogenital tract.
- May cause invasive bacterial infections like facial actinomycosis.
- Often due to an infected lower wisdom tooth or an infected root canal.
- Treatment involves treating the offending tooth, draining the abscess, sending pus samples for culture and sensitivity, and administering an extended course of targeted antibiotics.
Syphilis
- Also known as the Great Pox, a sexually transmitted infection.
- Caused by Treponema pallidum, a spirochete identified in 1905 by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann.
- First recorded outbreak in Europe occurred in Naples, Italy, in 1494-1495.
- Has a diverse clinical presentation with three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
- Primary syphilis presents as a single, firm, painless, nonitchy skin ulceration (chancre).
- Secondary syphilis affects the skin, mucous membranes, and lymph nodes.
- Tertiary syphilis can occur years after the initial infection and may present as neurosyphilis or cardiovascular syphilis.
- Congenital syphilis may be transmitted during pregnancy or birth.
- Treatment for early infections is a single dose of intramuscular benzathine penicillin.
- Later infections require longer courses of the same antibiotics.
- Cases of syphilis are on the rise in the UK.
Gonorrhea
- Also known as the clap.
- Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- May affect the genitalia, oral mucosa, or rectum.
- Symptoms include swelling, itching, pain, and pus.
- Treatment is with either ceftriaxone or azithromycin.
Leprosy
- Caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
- Endemic in subtropical areas.
- Two forms: lepromatous and tuberculoid.
- About 50% of patients with the lepromatous form have oral lesions.
- Oral lesions typically present as red macular purple papules and ulceration of the tongue, hard palate, and soft palate.
- Nerves may be involved, with the facial nerve being affected in up to 88% of patients.
- Bone changes include atrophy of the anterior nose or spine and recession of the alveolar processes.
- Management addresses the underlying infection, and surgery may be required for residual scarring and fibrosis.
Tuberculosis
- Also known as consumption.
- Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- 9% of infected patients are asymptomatic, a condition known as latent TB.
- The risk of developing active TB is significantly increased in those with HIV.
- Oral ulceration can occur.
- Management usually involves a long course of antibiotics.### Granulomatous Inflammatory Disease
- Macrophages, epithelial cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas.
- Granulomas are surrounded by lymphocytes to form giant multi-nucleated cells.
- Granulomas can result in abnormal cell death and necrosis, which appears visually as soft white cheese.
- Granulomas are often integrated, affecting mucosal surfaces.
### Treatment
- Cultures and biopsies may confirm an unknown diagnosis for proper referral and management.
- Polypharmacy treatment is required due to bacterial resistance, with long courses of rifampicin, person amides, and f and butyl.
Rita Syndrome
- Associated with gonorrhoea and mycoplasma infections.
- Clinically presents with a triad of arthritis, conjunctivitis, and neuroscientists.
- Oral lesions may include erythema, mucosa, lips, gingiva, or pepper spots on the palate.
- Self-limiting, with supportive measures.
Scarlet Fever
- Can develop secondary to streptococcal pharyngitis.
- Once life-threatening, but now treated with antibiotics.
- Characterized by a red rash, sandpaper-like skin, strawberry tongue, fever, and a sore throat.
- Abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting may occur.
- First-line management is with penicillins and supportive therapy.
Scarlet Fever Complications
- Can lead to spreading infection to the ear.
- May result in acute rheumatic fever with cardiac considerations.
- Possible infective colitis, streptococcal reactive arthritis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, and paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders.
- Prompt recognition and management improve outcomes.
### Lyme Disease
- Vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks.
- Various signs and symptoms, including bull's eye rashes, neurological changes, musculoskeletal pain, neck stiffness, and limb numbness.
- Ticks found throughout the UK, Europe, and North America, particularly in woodlands.
- Not all ticks carry the bacteria, but seek medical attention if experiencing flu-like symptoms after a tick bite.
Lyme Disease Prevention
- Prevention is key: avoid long grass and high-risk areas.
- Be vigilant about checking for bites and report any symptoms.
Lyme Disease: Head and Neck
- Symptoms include headaches, hearing loss, and facial paralysis.
- Bell’s palsy can be a complication due to tick bites and subsequent Lyme disease.
Complications of Bacterial Infections
- Sepsis: spreading infection can be life-threatening.
Ludwig's Angina
- Bilateral, submandibular, sublingual, and segmental swellings.
- Poses immediate risk to the airway and life.
Osteomyelitis
- Infection of the bone.
Necrotising Fasciitis
- Rapidly progressive and destructive bacterial infection.
- Rare in the head and neck due to excellent blood supply.
- Requires immediate surgical intervention if present.
### Necrotising Fasciitis: Characteristics
- Necrosis of muscle, fascia, and subcutaneous tissues.
- Erythema, swelling, skin colour changes, and blistering are notable features.
Necrotising Fasciitis: Case Study
- 54-year-old diabetic presented with progressive swelling associated with the second molar.
- Progressed to Ludwig’s angina, complicated by necrotising fasciitis despite interventions.
- Patient died in hospital 13 days post-admission.
### Mediastinitis
- Inflammation or infection of the mediastinum, the space in the thoracic cavity.
- Rare from head and neck infections.
- Can occur due to infection tracking to the mediastinum.
### Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
- Thrombus or clot forms within the cavernous sinus.
- Can be septic or aseptic.
- Septic thrombus forms in facial veins and can impact structures such as nerves, vessels, and internal carotid arteries.
- Can cause intracranial effects, sensory alterations, and facial pain.
- Aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis results from trauma, injuries, or pre-thrombotic conditions.
- Rapid onset of headache, fever, vomiting, ptosis, pupillary dilation, papilloma, swelling of the optic nerve, retinal vein dilation, and altered corneal reflexes.
- Contralateral eye may be affected within 48 hours.
### Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Medical Emergency
- Medical emergency and potentially fatal.
- Marked orbital swelling is a common presenting feature.
- Diagram shows a coronal section highlighting important structures passing through the cavernous sinus.
### Morbidity Rates
- Rates are higher in areas with limited or no access to healthcare.
### Bacterial Infections
- Readily treated, but patients can develop complications.
- Prevention is key: Don’t ignore infection, seek help early.
Odontogenic Infection
- Leading cause of acute orofacial swelling
- Abscess: swollen area of body tissue containing pus
- Cellulitis: inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue
Non-Specific Bacterial Aetiology
- Infection can be caused by various bacteria
Specific Bacterial Aetiology
- Streptococcus: viridans group (most frequent cause)
- Staphylococcus aureus: normal skin/nasal flora
Risk Factors for Infection
- Poor oral hygiene
- Periodontal disease
- Trauma
- Immunosuppression
- Diabetes
- Smoking
- Alcohol abuse
- Malnutrition
- Age
- Systemic disease
- Prior antibiotic use
Symptoms of Infection
- Pain
- Swelling
- Erythema (redness)
- Tenderness
- Pus drainage
Symptoms of Severe Infection
- Fever
- Chills
- Headache
- Malaise
- Lymphadenopathy
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
- Trismus (difficulty opening mouth)
- Dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
- Stridor (high-pitched breathing sound)
Sepsis
- Life-threatening condition
- Infection spreads throughout the body
- Organ dysfunction
- Shock
NEWS 2 (National Early Warning Score)
- Score of 5 or more or a score of 3 in any single parameter = very poorly person
Dental Abscess Formation
- Periapical abscess: commonly drains through bone or apically through a buccal sinus
- Periodontal abscess: commonly on gingival margin and drains through pocket
- Upper lateral teeth tend to drain palatally
### First-Line Management
- Antibiotics (specifically for bacterial infections)
- Drainage (if abscess is present)
- Pain relief
Suppurative Odontogenic Infections
- Can spread to potential fascial spaces
- These spaces can be a pathway for infection to spread rapidly
- Lateral pharyngeal space: around the tonsil
- Submandibular space: below the mandible
- Sublingual space: below the tongue
Potential Areas Infection Can Spread
- Masseter space
- Pterygoid space
- Buccal space
Fascial Planes of Neck + Tongue
- Carotid sheath: contains external carotid artery (ECA), internal carotid artery (ICA), internal jugular vein (IJV), and cranial nerve X (CNX)
- Sublingual space: above the mylohyoid muscle
- Submental and submandibular spaces: below the mylohyoid muscle
Ludwig's Angina
- Bilateral neck swellings
- Hot potato speech
- Drooling saliva
Bacteria of Deep Neck Infections
-
Aerobic:
- Streptococcus viridans
- Staphylococcus aureus
-
Anaerobic:
- Prevotella intermedia
- Fusobacterium nucleatum
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
Other Bacterial Infections (Nosocomial)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa: commonly infects the lungs and other organs in people with weakened immune systems
- Acinetobacter baumannii: can cause pneumonia, bloodstream infections and wound infections
- Klebsiella pneumoniae: nosocomial infections, liver abscess, GI infections, antibiotic resistant
Examples of Nosocomial Infections
- Pneumonia
- Bloodstream infections
- Wound infections
- Urinary tract infections
Osteomyelitis
- Inflammation of the bone
- Commonly occurs in the mandible
- Causes include dental infection, trauma, surgery, and underlying medical conditions
- Symptoms: pain, swelling, fever, and tenderness
- Treatment: antibiotics, surgery, or both
Necrotic Tumours
- Tumour that has died and is breaking down
- Can be caused by infection, trauma, or radiation therapy
- Symptoms: pain, swelling, and foul odor
- Treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy
Quinsy (Tonsillar Abscess)
- Risk of airway obstruction
- Bacterial peritonsillar abscess: infection of the peritonsillar space (space between the tonsil and the soft palate)
Bacterial Sinusitis
- Can mimic toothache in the upper posterior teeth
Odontogenic Sinusitis
- Up to 70% of chronic unilateral maxillary sinusitis
- Infection of the maxillary sinus that occurs secondary to a dental infection
- Symptoms: pain, pressure, facial swelling, and nasal drainage
Sinusitis Complications
- Orbital cellulitis: inflammation of the tissues surrounding the eye
- Meningitis: inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
- Brain abscess: collection of pus in the brain
Obstructive Sialadenitis
- Bacterial infection of a salivary gland
- Often due to a stone (salivary calculus) preventing saliva from flowing properly
Acute Ulcerative Gingivitis + Acute Necrotizing Gingivitis
- Crater-like punched-out ulceration of the interdental papilla
- Ulcers covered in a grey/green pseudomembrane
- Severe halitosis
- Hypersalivation
- Cervical lymphadenopathy
-
Bacteria:
- Fusobacterium: necrophorum
- Prevotella intermedia
- Treponema denticola
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
Treatment for Acute Ulcerative Gingivitis + Acute Necrotizing Gingivitis
- Improve oral hygiene
- Aggressive debridement (removal of debris and plaque)
- Antibiotics
Noma
- Cancrum oris (gangrene of facial tissues)
- Can occur as a complication of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Actinomycosis
- Infection caused by the bacteria Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces viscosus or Actinomyces naelundi
- Mixed infection
- May develop actinomycotic osteomyelitis
Treatment for Actinomycosis
- Long-term antibiotics
### Syphilis
- Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum
- Symptoms
- Chancre: painless ulcer at the site of infection
- Secondary syphilis: rash, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes
- Tertiary syphilis: gummas (inflammation), neurological problems, and cardiovascular problems
Treatment for Syphilis
- Penicillin
### Gonorrhoea
- Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoea
- Symptoms: pain and discharge from the urethra or cervix
Treatment for Gonorrhoea
- Antibiotics
- Sexual partners should also be treated
Leprosy
- Caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae
- Two forms:
- Tuberculoid leprosy (TT): less severe, with few lesions
- Lepromatous leprosy (LL): more severe, with many lesions
Tuberculosis (TB)
- Caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- About 9% remain asymptomatic (latent TB)
- Symptoms:
- Cough
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Night sweats
Reiter Syndrome
- Unknown aetiology
- Affects joints, eyes, and genitals
Symptoms of Reiter Syndrome
- Arthritis: joint pain and swelling
- Urethritis: inflammation of the urethra
- Conjunctivitis: inflammation of the conjunctiva
### Streptococcal Pharyngitis + Scarlet Fever
- Streptococcal pharyngitis: infection of the throat
- Scarlet fever: rash develops in association with strep throat
Treatment for Streptococcal Pharyngitis + Scarlet Fever
- Antibiotics
### Lyme Disease
- Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi
- Transmitted through the bite of an infected tick
Symptoms of Lyme Disease
- Early symptoms: fever, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, joint pain, and a red rash
- Late symptoms: heart problems, arthritis, neurological problems, facial palsy, and meningitis
Complications of Bacterial Infections
- Abscess formation
- Cellulitis
- Necrosis
- Sepsis
- Osteomyelitis
- Meningitis
- Brain abscess
- Cardiovascular complications
- Neurological complications
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Description
Test your knowledge on dental infections and their management in clinical practice. This quiz covers key concepts such as airway risks, post-extraction infections, and bacterial sinusitis. Understand the important factors that influence the treatment of oral infections and recognize symptoms associated with various conditions.
