Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of gingival inflammation?
What is the primary cause of gingival inflammation?
Which type of calculus is located coronal to the gingival margin?
Which type of calculus is located coronal to the gingival margin?
Among the following, which calculus is classified according to the source of mineralization?
Among the following, which calculus is classified according to the source of mineralization?
What is a characteristic feature of supragingival calculus?
What is a characteristic feature of supragingival calculus?
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Which of the following locations is most common for supragingival calculus to develop?
Which of the following locations is most common for supragingival calculus to develop?
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Which classification includes individuals that do not form calculus?
Which classification includes individuals that do not form calculus?
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Which duct is associated with salivary flow over the facial surfaces of the upper molars?
Which duct is associated with salivary flow over the facial surfaces of the upper molars?
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What is a common visual observation of supragingival calculus?
What is a common visual observation of supragingival calculus?
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Which of the following components is NOT a major inorganic constituent of supragingival calculus?
Which of the following components is NOT a major inorganic constituent of supragingival calculus?
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Which crystal form is found most frequently in supragingival calculus?
Which crystal form is found most frequently in supragingival calculus?
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What observable change can occur after removing subgingival plaque and calculus?
What observable change can occur after removing subgingival plaque and calculus?
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Which statement about the clinical visibility of subgingival calculus is accurate?
Which statement about the clinical visibility of subgingival calculus is accurate?
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How does the composition of subgingival calculus generally differ from supragingival calculus?
How does the composition of subgingival calculus generally differ from supragingival calculus?
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What proportion of inorganic content in supragingival calculus can be attributed to calcium?
What proportion of inorganic content in supragingival calculus can be attributed to calcium?
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Which crystal form is more commonly found in the mandibular anterior region?
Which crystal form is more commonly found in the mandibular anterior region?
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Which statement correctly describes the sodium content in relation to the depth of the pocket?
Which statement correctly describes the sodium content in relation to the depth of the pocket?
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What is the clinical visibility of dental calculus during an examination?
What is the clinical visibility of dental calculus during an examination?
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How does supragingival calculus form?
How does supragingival calculus form?
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What factor affects the attachment of calculus to dental implants?
What factor affects the attachment of calculus to dental implants?
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Which mechanism is NOT involved in the attachment of calculus to teeth?
Which mechanism is NOT involved in the attachment of calculus to teeth?
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Which statement about the mineralization of dental plaque is correct?
Which statement about the mineralization of dental plaque is correct?
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What is the primary source of mineralization for subgingival calculus?
What is the primary source of mineralization for subgingival calculus?
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Which characteristic of calculus formation is true?
Which characteristic of calculus formation is true?
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Study Notes
Dental Calculus
- The main cause of gum inflammation is bacterial plaque, other factors include calculus, bad bite, faulty dental work, orthodontic issues, self-harm, tobacco use and radiation therapy.
- Calculus is mineralized bacterial plaque forming on natural teeth and dental prosthetics.
- Calculus is classified as supragingival or subgingival based on its position relative to the gumline.
Classification of Dental Calculus
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Location:
- Supragingival calculus is above the gumline.
- Subgingival calculus is below the gumline.
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Source of Mineralization:
- Salivary calculus
- Serumal calculus (Jenkins, Stewart 1966)
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Surface:
- Exogenous
- Endogenous (Melz 1950)
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Initiation and rate of accumulation:
- Calculus formers are categorized based on these factors.
Supra and Sub-gingival Calculus
- Supragingival calculus: Usually appears white or yellowish, hard, and clay-like. Often found on the buccal surfaces of upper molars and the lingual surfaces of lower incisors, affected by materials like tobacco and food coloring. Can be widespread throughout the mouth.
- Subgingival calculus: Located below the gumline, not easily seen during routine checkups. Evaluated by tactile perception with tools like dental explorers.
Calculus Composition
- Inorganic: Composed of approximately 70-90% inorganic materials, with calcium phosphate being the main component (76%), carbonates, and trace amounts of other metals.
- Organic: Mixture of protein-polysaccharide complexes, dead cells (epithelial), WBCs, and various microorganisms.
Calculus Attachment
- Calculus adheres to teeth via organic tissue, mechanical interactions with irregularities, and a close adaptation to existing tooth structures (like resorption lacunae or gently sloping areas)
- Calculus penetration is similar to penetration processes on bone areas.
- Calculus attachment to implants involves less intimate contact and can be easily removed from titanium implants.
Calculus Formation
- Calculus is formed from plaque mineralisation.
- Mineralization starts within 4-8 hours of plaque development, reaching 50% mineralisation in 2 days, and 60-90% in 12 days.
- Full development of mature crystalline composition can sometimes take months or years.
Role of Microorganisms in Calculus Formation
- Microbes are not always essential for calculus formation.
- Calculus develops in germ-free rodents, while saliva is the source for supra-gingival and gingival crevicular fluid for sub-gingival calculus formation.
- Some microbes have the ability to form intracellular apatite crystals.
Etiological Significance
- Non-mineralized plaque on calculus surface is a primary irritant initiating gingivitis.
- Mineralized portion of calculus contributes to continued plaque accumulation and can lead to periodontal pockets.
- Removal of calculus and plaque is a key step in periodontal treatment.
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Description
Explore the different types of dental calculus, including supragingival and subgingival classifications. Understand the locations, mineralization sources, and surface characteristics of calculus. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of how calculus affects gum health.
