Demography Basics

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Questions and Answers

What major cardiovascular risk factor is often overlooked in clinical practice?

High cholesterol

Obesity

Pollution (correct)

Diabetes

Which group of patients is considered particularly susceptible to pollution-related cardiovascular disease?

Athletes

Healthy adults

Children with allergies

Patients with asthma (correct)

What action should health professionals take regarding climate change?

Ignore the health threats

Focus solely on infectious diseases

Promote sustainable healthcare (correct)

Advocate for fossil fuels

What percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions is the healthcare system responsible for?

4-5% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a susceptible patient group?

Young adults Signup and view all the answers

What is demography primarily concerned with?

Human population dynamics including size and composition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences population change?

Economic growth Signup and view all the answers

What main global issue is highlighted regarding health care?

Contributing to the climate crisis Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic factor is essential for health service planning?

Age distribution of the population Signup and view all the answers

What has been the trend in global fertility rates over the past 50 years?

Drastically dropped Signup and view all the answers

What is one role of medical professionals in relation to climate change?

Advocating for sustainable practices Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the decline of a population?

Increased mortality rates Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of migration?

It is the movement of people into or out of a geographic area. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Total Period Fertility Rate (TPFR) measure?

The average number of children born to a woman based on current fertility rates Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated number of refugees and asylum seekers in 2016?

25.9 million Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Syrian war have on population displacement?

It created the largest population displacement in current times Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world's population currently lives in urban areas?

55% Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic primarily makes up international migrants?

Individuals from developing countries Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated increase in displacement caused by the Taliban take-over of Afghanistan in 2021?

50% Signup and view all the answers

What is one negative public health impact of urbanization?

Higher pollution levels Signup and view all the answers

How many international migrants were there worldwide as stated in the content?

258 million Signup and view all the answers

What initiative has the Ministry of Health in Bahrain provided for elderly care since 2008?

Mobile health units for home visits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the ten major global health threats predicted in 2019?

Airborne diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is a health effect related to climate change?

Increased vector-borne diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which health threat is associated with fragile and vulnerable settings?

Antimicrobial resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following health problems can result from food shortages as a direct health effect?

Malnutrition and starvation Signup and view all the answers

Increased migration and displacement are health effects of which major global factor?

Climate change Signup and view all the answers

Which vector-borne disease is increased due to climate change?

Dengue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding Bahrain’s MOH initiatives for the elderly?

All health services for the elderly are free Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main health risks associated with overcrowding in urban areas?

Increased mental health issues Signup and view all the answers

What trend concerning population ageing is projected by 2050?

The proportion of the population over 60 will nearly double Signup and view all the answers

How is the age dependency ratio calculated?

Number of dependents divided by working-age population Signup and view all the answers

Which age group has the highest dependency ratio concerning health services?

Under 15 and over 65 Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of unplanned urban housing?

Inadequate transport systems Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to happen to dependency ratios in the coming years?

They will likely increase Signup and view all the answers

What condition is NOT typically associated with overcrowding?

Proper sanitation facilities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cities is mentioned in relation to health risks from overcrowding?

Dhaka Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Demography

Demography is the study of human populations, focusing on size, composition, distribution, and changes over time.
Populations are dynamic, influenced by fertility, mortality, and migration.
Fertility is the number of births in a population. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) represents the average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime, based on current age-specific fertility rates.
Mortality is the number of deaths in a population.
Migration is the movement of people into or out of a specific geographic area. It can significantly impact population growth.
International Migration: Approximately 258 million people globally are international migrants. Most migrants are from developing countries migrating to industrialized ones.
Refugees and Asylum Seekers: In 2016, the world had an estimated 25.9 million refugees and asylum seekers.
War and Migration: The Syrian war has caused the largest population displacement in recent times, affecting over 6.7 million people. The Taliban takeover in Afghanistan in 2021 increased displacement by 50%. Russia's invasion of Ukraine led to the displacement of 6 million Ukrainians.
Urbanization: Over 55% of the global population currently lives in urban areas, with this proportion expected to reach 68% by 2050.
Negative Impacts of Urbanization: Overcrowding, slum formation, lack of sanitation, inadequate housing and infrastructure, air pollution, traffic injuries, and higher mental health issues are common in urban areas.
Health Risks in Urban Areas: These risks are unequally distributed based on social groups.
Population Ageing: The global population is ageing at an unprecedented pace. By 2050, the proportion of people over 60 years old will double from 12% to 22%.
Increasing Elderly Population: The number of very elderly individuals (85+) is a key factor to consider within an ageing population.
Dependency Ratio: This ratio represents the proportion of dependents (under 15 or over 64) to the working-age population (15-64). It's a key consideration for health planners.
Types of Dependency Ratios:
- Young: Represents the ratio of those under 15 to the working-age population.
- Old: Represents the ratio of those over 64 to the working-age population.
Increase in Dependency Ratios: The dependency ratio is projected to increase in the coming years.

Global Health Challenges

Ten Major Global Health Threats (2019):
- Air Pollution & Climate Change
- Non-Communicable Diseases
- Global Influenza Pandemic
- Fragile & Vulnerable Settings
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Ebola & Other High-Threat Pathogens
- Weak Primary Care
- Vaccine Hesitancy
- Dengue
- HIV
Climate Change and Health:
- Pathways of Climate Change Impact: Extreme weather, altered disease patterns, famine, water crises.
- Direct Health Effects:
  - Increased burden of non-communicable diseases, heat stress, vector-borne diseases, water-borne diseases, food shortage, changes in infectious disease patterns, drowning, trauma from disasters, mental health issues, violent & antisocial behavior, and mortality.

Recognition of pollution as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease is crucial.
Incorporating pollution assessment into clinical practice provides opportunities for prevention and control.
Strategy for Reducing Air Pollution Exposure and Pollution-Related CVD:
- Patient-centered approach.
- Assessment of pollution exposure based on patient's zip code.
- Identification of susceptible patients (those with atherosclerotic CVD and coexisting conditions, recent hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, COPD, asthma, diabetes, stage 3/4 chronic kidney disease).
- Identifying other at-risk individuals (pregnant women, elderly, transplant recipients).

Role of Healthcare Professionals in Climate Change

Health professionals are key in addressing the health threat of climate change.
Promoting Sustainable Healthcare: Healthcare systems are responsible for approximately 4-5% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Health professionals can actively promote sustainable practices within the healthcare system.

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Description

Explore the fundamental aspects of demography, including the study of human populations, fertility, mortality, and migration. Understand how these elements influence population dynamics over time and the effects of international migration. This quiz covers key statistics and trends related to population changes.