Questions and Answers
What is demography?
What is a population?
A group of people who live in a specified geographic area
What do changes in populations occur as a result of?
Fertility (births), mortality (deaths), migration
What is fertility?
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What is fecundity?
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What is the crude birth rate?
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What is mortality?
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What is the crude death rate?
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What is the infant mortality rate?
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What is life expectancy?
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What is migration?
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What is density?
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What is distribution?
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What is immigration?
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What is emigration?
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What are pull factors?
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What are push factors?
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What is population composition?
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What is the sex ratio?
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What is a population pyramid?
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What is the Malthusian perspective on population growth?
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How can the disaster of overpopulation be averted according to the Malthusian perspective?
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What are positive checks?
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What are preventive checks?
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What is moral restraint?
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What is the Marxist perspective on poverty?
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What is the Neo-Malthusian perspective on population growth?
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What is zero population growth?
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What is demographic transition?
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What are the four stages of economic development?
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What are the three preconditions that must be present in order for a city to develop?
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What was the largest preindustrial city?
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What is a community?
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What is Gemeinschaft?
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What is Gesellschaft?
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What is mechanical solidarity?
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What is organic solidarity?
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What is the functionalist perspective on ecology?
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What is human ecology?
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What is the Concentric Zone model?
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How many zones are there in the concentric zone model?
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What is referred to as Zone 1 in the Concentric Zone Model?
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What is referred to as Zone 2 in the Concentric Zone Model?
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What is referred to as Zone 3 in the Concentric Zone Model?
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What is referred to as Zone 4 in the Concentric Zone Model?
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What is referred to as Zone 5 in the Concentric Zone Model?
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What are the two important ecological processes involved in the concentric zone theory?
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What is invasion?
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What is succession?
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What is gentrification?
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What is emphasized in the sector model of ecology?
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In the sector model, where are high-class neighborhoods, middle-class, and lower-class located?
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What is the multiple nuclei model of ecology?
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What is social area analysis?
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Describe urban ecology, according to contemporary urban ecology.
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According to conflict theorists, how does city growth happen?
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What is exchange value?
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What is use value?
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What is uneven development?
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What are gated communities?
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What are gender regimes?
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What is private patriarchy?
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What is public patriarchy?
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What is urbanism?
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What are cosmopolites?
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What are ethnic villagers?
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What are deprived individuals?
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What are trapped urban dwellers?
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What is sexual space?
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What are the three functionalist perspectives on urbanism and growth of cities?
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What are the three conflict perspectives of political economy models?
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What are the three symbolic interactionist perspectives regarding the experience of city life?
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What is urban agglomeration?
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What are global cities?
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What are rural communities?
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Describe birth and death rates in the preindustrial stage of economic development.
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Describe birth and death rates in the early industrial stage of economic development.
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Describe birth and death rates in the advanced industrial and urbanization stage of economic development.
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Describe birth and death rates in the postindustrial stage of economic development.
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What is the political economy model/conflict perspective on urban growth?
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How do symbolic interactionists view urban life?
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Study Notes
Demography and Population Concepts
- Demography studies population size, composition, and distribution.
- A population is a group living in a specified area, influenced by factors like births, deaths, and migration.
- Fertility refers to actual childbearing rates; fecundity indicates potential childbearing capacity.
- Crude birth rate measures live births per 1000 people annually; crude death rate measures deaths per 1000 people.
- Infant mortality rate counts deaths of infants under one year per 1000 live births.
Migration Dynamics
- Migration encompasses the movement of people for residency changes; can be voluntary (immigration) or involuntary (emigration).
- Pull factors attract immigrants through opportunities like employment and religious freedom; push factors drive emigration due to war, famine, or natural disasters.
Population Composition and Structure
- Population composition includes characteristics like age, sex, race, education, and income.
- The sex ratio quantifies the number of males per hundred females in a population.
- A population pyramid graphically displays population distribution by sex and age.
Theoretical Perspectives on Population Growth
- The Malthusian perspective warns of unchecked population growth exceeding food supply, suggesting checks (positive: famine, disease; preventive: fertility limits).
- Marxist perspective argues poverty results from exploitation, not overpopulation.
- Neo-Malthusianism posits environmental degradation leads to overpopulation issues.
- Zero population growth occurs when births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration.
Urbanization and Sociological Models
- Urban sociology examines social relationships in cities, influenced by demographic transition from high to low birth and death rates.
- Preconditions for city development include a favorable environment, advanced technology, and well-developed social organization.
- Largest preindustrial city was Rome, with a population of 650,000.
Ecological Models of Urban Growth
- The Concentric Zone model describes urban growth in circular zones, each with distinct land uses.
- Sector model emphasizes terrain and transportation routes in city layouts.
- The Multiple Nuclei model indicates cities have several growth centers based on specific urban needs.
Urban Ecology and Social Patterns
- Urban ecology studies relationships between people and their environments, considering factors like urban growth driven by transportation.
- The qualitative experience of urban life varies; cosmopolites seek cultural engagement, while ethnic villagers prefer ethnically segregated neighborhoods.
Community and Social Relationships
- Community signifies social relationships within spatial boundaries, providing identity and belonging.
- Gemeinschaft represents close personal bonds in traditional societies, whereas Gesellschaft denotes impersonal, modern relationships.
Urban Classifications and Dynamics
- Deprived individuals face economic challenges; trapped individuals cannot escape urban life due to various social issues.
- Gentrification refers to middle and upper-class individuals renovating central city areas, altering community dynamics.
Gender and Urban Experiences
- Gender regimes reflect societal expectations of men and women; private patriarchy highlights domestic gender roles, while public patriarchy emphasizes dependence on paid work.
- Urbanism features distinctive patterns of city life influenced by social factors.
Political Economy Perspective
- Urban growth is influenced by class struggles, capital investments, and government policies on a global scale, affecting city development across different nations.
Birth and Death Rate Stages
- Preindustrial: High birth and death rates.
- Early industrial: High birth, low death rates.
- Advanced industrial and urbanization: Low birth and death rates.
- Postindustrial: Low birth, stable death rates.
Symbolic Interactionist Views
- Urban life can be perceived positively or negatively, focusing on personal experiences and how city inhabitants interact with their environment.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in demography and population studies. This quiz covers definitions and measurements related to population size, fertility rates, mortality rates, and migration dynamics. Explore the various influences on population composition and structure.