Demography and Population Concepts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is demography?

  • A subfield of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution (correct)
  • A type of social theory
  • A method of sociological research
  • The study of economic development

What is a population?

A group of people who live in a specified geographic area

What do changes in populations occur as a result of?

Fertility (births), mortality (deaths), migration

What is fertility?

<p>The actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fecundity?

<p>The potential number of children who could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the crude birth rate?

<p>The number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mortality?

<p>The incidence of death in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the crude death rate?

<p>The number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the infant mortality rate?

<p>The number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1000 live births in a given year</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is life expectancy?

<p>An estimate of the average lifetime in years of people born in a specific year</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is migration?

<p>The movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is density?

<p>The number of people living in a specific geographic area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is distribution?

<p>The physical location of people throughout a geographic area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is immigration?

<p>The movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emigration?

<p>The movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pull factors?

<p>Factors that may draw voluntary immigrants into a nation, such as a demographic government, religious freedom, employment opportunities, or a more temperate climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are push factors?

<p>Factors, such as political unrest, violence, war, famine, plagues, and natural disasters, that may encourage people to leave one area and relocate elsewhere</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is population composition?

<p>The biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sex ratio?

<p>The number of males for every hundred females in a given population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a population pyramid?

<p>A graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Malthusian perspective on population growth?

<p>The population, if left unchecked, would exceed the available food supply; the population would increase exponentially, while the food supply would increase only arithmetically</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the disaster of overpopulation be averted according to the Malthusian perspective?

<p>Positive or preventive checks on population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are positive checks?

<p>Mortality risks, such as famine, disease, and war</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are preventive checks?

<p>Limits to fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is moral restraint?

<p>A check on population where people should practice sexual abstinence before marriage and postpone marriage as long as possible in order to have only a few children</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Marxist perspective on poverty?

<p>It is a consequence, not of overpopulation, but of the exploitation of workers by the owners of the means of production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Neo-Malthusian perspective on population growth?

<p>Earth is a dying planet with too many people and too little food, compounded by environmental degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is zero population growth?

<p>The point at which no population increase occurs from year to year because the number of births plus immigrants is equal to the number of deaths plus emigrants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is demographic transition?

<p>The process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four stages of economic development?

<p>Preindustrial societies, early industrialization, advanced industrialization and urbanization, postindustrialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three preconditions that must be present in order for a city to develop?

<p>A favorable physical environment, an advanced technology (for that era), a well-developed social organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the largest preindustrial city?

<p>Rome; 650000</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a community?

<p>A set of social relationships operating within given spatial boundaries or locations that provides people with a sense of identity and a feeling of belonging</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Gemeinschaft?

<p>A society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Gesellschaft?

<p>Societies exhibiting impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mechanical solidarity?

<p>A simple division of labor and shared religious beliefs such as are found in small, agrarian societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is organic solidarity?

<p>Interdependence based on the elaborate division of labor found in large, urban societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functionalist perspective on ecology?

<p>They examine the interrelations among the parts that make up the whole, therefore, in studying the growth of cities, they emphasize the life cycle of urban growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is human ecology?

<p>The study of the relationship between people and their physical environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Concentric Zone model?

<p>A description of the process of urban growth that views the city as a series of circular areas or zones, each characterized by a different type of land use, that developed from a central core</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many zones are there in the concentric zone model?

<p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as Zone 1 in the Concentric Zone Model?

<p>The central business district and cultural center</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as Zone 2 in the Concentric Zone Model?

<p>Houses formerly occupied by wealthy families are divided into rooms and rented to recent immigrants and poor persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as Zone 3 in the Concentric Zone Model?

<p>Working-class residences and shops and ethnic enclaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as Zone 4 in the Concentric Zone Model?

<p>Homes for affluent families and single-family residences of white-collar workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as Zone 5 in the Concentric Zone Model?

<p>A ring of small cities and towns by persons who commute to the central city to work</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two important ecological processes involved in the concentric zone theory?

<p>Invasion and succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is invasion?

<p>The process by which a new category of people or type of land use arrives in an area previously occupied by another group or type of land use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is succession?

<p>The process by which a new category of people or type of land use gradually predominates in an area formerly dominated by another group or activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gentrification?

<p>The process by which members of the middle and upper-middle classes move into a central city area and renovate existing properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the sector model of ecology?

<p>The significance of terrain and the importance of transportation routes in the layout of cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sector model, where are high-class neighborhoods, middle-class, and lower-class located?

<p>Located along higher ground near lakes and rivers or along certain streets; either side of the wealthier neighborhoods; remaining space, bordering the central business area and industrial areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the multiple nuclei model of ecology?

<p>Cities do not have one center from which all growth radiates, but rather have numerous centers of development based on specific urban needs or activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social area analysis?

<p>Analysis that examines urban populations in terms of economic status, family status, and ethnic classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe urban ecology, according to contemporary urban ecology.

<p>Urban areas are complex and expanding social systems in which growth patterns are based on advances in transportation and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to conflict theorists, how does city growth happen?

<p>They are the product of specific decisions made by members of the capitalist class and political elites</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is exchange value?

<p>The profits that industrialists, developers, bankers, and others make from buying, selling, and developing land and buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is use value?

<p>The utility of space, land, and buildings for everyday life, family life, and neighborhood life</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is uneven development?

<p>The tendency of some neighborhoods, cities, or regions to grow and prosper whereas others stagnate and decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gated communities?

<p>Subdivisions or neighborhoods surrounded by barriers such as walls, fences, gates, or earth banks covered with bushes, and shrubs, along with a secured entrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gender regimes?

<p>Prevailing ideologies of how women and men should think, feel, and act; how access to social positions and control of resources should be managed; and how relationships between women and men should be conducted</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is private patriarchy?

<p>A strongly gendered division of labor in the home, gender-segregated paid employment, and women's dependence on men's income</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is public patriarchy?

<p>The form of women's increasing dependence on paid work and the state for income and their decreasing emotional interdependence with men</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is urbanism?

<p>The distinctive social and psychological patterns of life typically found in the city</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cosmopolites?

<p>Students, artists, writers, musicians, entertainers, and professionals who choose to live in the city because they want to be close to its cultural facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ethnic villagers?

<p>People who live in ethnically segregated neighborhoods, some are recent immigrants who feel most comfortable within their own group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are deprived individuals?

<p>Poor individuals with dim future prospects, they have very limited education and few, if any, other resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are trapped urban dwellers?

<p>Urban dwellers who can find no escape from the city, including persons left behind by the process of invasion and succession, downwardly mobile individuals who have lost their former position in society, older persons who have nowhere else to go, and individuals addicted to alcohol or other drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sexual space?

<p>A place where women, based on their sexual desirability and accessibility, are categorized as prostitutes, lesbians, temptresses, or virtuous women in need of protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three functionalist perspectives on urbanism and growth of cities?

<p>Concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three conflict perspectives of political economy models?

<p>Capitalism and urban growth, gender regimes in cities, global patterns of growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three symbolic interactionist perspectives regarding the experience of city life?

<p>Simmel's view of city life; urbanism as a way of life, Gan's urban villagers, gender and city life</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is urban agglomeration?

<p>Comprising the city or town proper and also the suburban fringe or thickly settled territory lying outside of but adjacent to the city boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are global cities?

<p>Interconnected urban areas that are centers of political, economic, and cultural activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are rural communities?

<p>Small, sparsely settled areas that have a relatively homogeneous population of people who primarily engage in agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe birth and death rates in the preindustrial stage of economic development.

<p>High birth, high death</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe birth and death rates in the early industrial stage of economic development.

<p>High birth, low death</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe birth and death rates in the advanced industrial and urbanization stage of economic development.

<p>Low birth, low death</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe birth and death rates in the postindustrial stage of economic development.

<p>Low birth, stable death</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the political economy model/conflict perspective on urban growth?

<p>Urban growth is influenced by capital investment decisions, class conflict, and government subsidy programs; at the global level, capitalism also influences the development of cities in core, peripheral, and semiperipheral nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do symbolic interactionists view urban life?

<p>Perspectives focus on how people experience urban life; some analysts view the urban experience positively, while others believe that urban dwellers become insensitive to events and to people around them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Demography and Population Concepts

  • Demography studies population size, composition, and distribution.
  • A population is a group living in a specified area, influenced by factors like births, deaths, and migration.
  • Fertility refers to actual childbearing rates; fecundity indicates potential childbearing capacity.
  • Crude birth rate measures live births per 1000 people annually; crude death rate measures deaths per 1000 people.
  • Infant mortality rate counts deaths of infants under one year per 1000 live births.

Migration Dynamics

  • Migration encompasses the movement of people for residency changes; can be voluntary (immigration) or involuntary (emigration).
  • Pull factors attract immigrants through opportunities like employment and religious freedom; push factors drive emigration due to war, famine, or natural disasters.

Population Composition and Structure

  • Population composition includes characteristics like age, sex, race, education, and income.
  • The sex ratio quantifies the number of males per hundred females in a population.
  • A population pyramid graphically displays population distribution by sex and age.

Theoretical Perspectives on Population Growth

  • The Malthusian perspective warns of unchecked population growth exceeding food supply, suggesting checks (positive: famine, disease; preventive: fertility limits).
  • Marxist perspective argues poverty results from exploitation, not overpopulation.
  • Neo-Malthusianism posits environmental degradation leads to overpopulation issues.
  • Zero population growth occurs when births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration.

Urbanization and Sociological Models

  • Urban sociology examines social relationships in cities, influenced by demographic transition from high to low birth and death rates.
  • Preconditions for city development include a favorable environment, advanced technology, and well-developed social organization.
  • Largest preindustrial city was Rome, with a population of 650,000.

Ecological Models of Urban Growth

  • The Concentric Zone model describes urban growth in circular zones, each with distinct land uses.
  • Sector model emphasizes terrain and transportation routes in city layouts.
  • The Multiple Nuclei model indicates cities have several growth centers based on specific urban needs.

Urban Ecology and Social Patterns

  • Urban ecology studies relationships between people and their environments, considering factors like urban growth driven by transportation.
  • The qualitative experience of urban life varies; cosmopolites seek cultural engagement, while ethnic villagers prefer ethnically segregated neighborhoods.

Community and Social Relationships

  • Community signifies social relationships within spatial boundaries, providing identity and belonging.
  • Gemeinschaft represents close personal bonds in traditional societies, whereas Gesellschaft denotes impersonal, modern relationships.

Urban Classifications and Dynamics

  • Deprived individuals face economic challenges; trapped individuals cannot escape urban life due to various social issues.
  • Gentrification refers to middle and upper-class individuals renovating central city areas, altering community dynamics.

Gender and Urban Experiences

  • Gender regimes reflect societal expectations of men and women; private patriarchy highlights domestic gender roles, while public patriarchy emphasizes dependence on paid work.
  • Urbanism features distinctive patterns of city life influenced by social factors.

Political Economy Perspective

  • Urban growth is influenced by class struggles, capital investments, and government policies on a global scale, affecting city development across different nations.

Birth and Death Rate Stages

  • Preindustrial: High birth and death rates.
  • Early industrial: High birth, low death rates.
  • Advanced industrial and urbanization: Low birth and death rates.
  • Postindustrial: Low birth, stable death rates.

Symbolic Interactionist Views

  • Urban life can be perceived positively or negatively, focusing on personal experiences and how city inhabitants interact with their environment.

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