Democratization History: Long Waves and Conjunctures
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of this chapter?

  • The historical development of democratization since the late eighteenth century (correct)
  • The current state of democracy in specific countries
  • The introduction of the 'waves' and 'conjunctures' concepts
  • The concept of reverse waves in democratization

    • Who is the author that is mentioned in the text as distinguishing three major 'waves'?

  • Dirk Berg-Schlosser
  • Samuel Huntington (correct)
  • Another prominent democratization researcher
  • A historian of democracy

    • What is the primary timeframe of the Second 'Long Wave'?

  • 1918/19
  • 1945–88 (correct)
  • 1776–1914
  • 1989/90

    • What is the term used to describe a period of significant democratic progress?

    <p>Conjuncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the first 'Long Wave'?

    <p>The First 'Long Wave'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of highlighting long-term and short-term factors in democratization?

    <p>To explain the emergence of democracies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the model that links different levels of analysis, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>The bathtub model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who challenges the periodization of democratization and suggests a fourth wave starting in 1989/90?

    <p>Renske Doorenspleet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe slower, long-term developments in democratization?

    <p>Long waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe critical moments in which a series of related events can happen in a relatively short period of time?

    <p>Conjuncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the 'conditions of occurrence' that shape political life?

    <p>Conditions of occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of analysis at which social movements, interest groups, and political parties operate?

    <p>Meso-level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of political system is the explanandum in the model of sociological explanation?

    <p>Democratic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the author of the concept of 'pulses of isomorphic change'?

    <p>Thomas et al.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the author who wrote about the 'opportunity set' in the context of democratization?

    <p>Elster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the subjective dimension of politics?

    <p>Distinct political-cultural sub-milieus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of the numbers presented in the text?

    <p>They only show the overall ‘net’ situation for any given year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the series of military coups in Latin America after 1964?

    <p>Previous democracies broke down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were the early fledgling democracies largely confined to?

    <p>Largely in Western Europe, the USA, and some Latin American Republics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the end of the First Long Wave?

    <p>The end of World War I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What followed the First Long Wave?

    <p>A negative conjuncture or ‘reverse wave’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event brought about a second long wave of democratization?

    <p>The end of World War II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened in the 1960s in Latin America?

    <p>A series of military coups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the Third Wave of democratization been characterized?

    <p>As a period of stagnation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the outcome of the ‘colour revolutions’ and the ‘Arab Spring’?

    <p>A period of political instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the trend of autocracies in recent years?

    <p>A steep decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of data used to compile the Polity IV scores?

    <p>Country-by-country assessments of constitutions and similar legal documents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of the Polity IV scores in terms of assessing democratization?

    <p>They do not account for discrepancies between constitutional texts and actual political reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the combination of democratization and autocratization trends?

    <p>Anocracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many major positive conjunctures of democratization are identified in the graph?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that restricted the dimension of inclusion in the 19th century?

    <p>Property ownership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country was the first to introduce full women's voting rights?

    <p>New Zealand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe open pluralist competition between candidates and parties?

    <p>Contestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the labor and similar movements in the 19th century?

    <p>Recognizing official political parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main trend observed in the democratization process over time?

    <p>A gradual increase in democratization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the concluding section in the chapter?

    <p>To summarize the findings in the light of current empirical democratic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary basis of legitimacy for larger political entities in the past?

    <p>The expression of a divine will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Robert Dahl, what marked the beginning of the first 'long wave' of democratization?

    <p>The 'second transformation'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of the republican tradition that emerged during the 'second transformation'?

    <p>Appointed or elected rulers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a major factor contributing to the democratization process?

    <p>The development of representative governments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the labour movement and socialist parties?

    <p>To extend the suffrage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the revolutions of 1848?

    <p>The failure of most revolutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the urbanization process on democratization?

    <p>It facilitated communication and the spread of democratic ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of World War I?

    <p>The disruption of international trade and communications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the urban bourgeoisie and middle classes in the democratization process?

    <p>They played an ambiguous role, sometimes supporting liberal ideas and sometimes opposing the labour movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the Enlightenment on politics?

    <p>A shift towards a more secular and non-transcendental orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the authoritarian regimes in Latin America?

    <p>They transitioned to democratic rule by the end of the 1980s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the decolonization and Cold War period?

    <p>A steady increase in the number of democracies worldwide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened in Southern Europe during the 1970s?

    <p>The authoritarian regimes democratized and military rule was ended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the regime in the Philippines after the fall of Marcos?

    <p>The country transitioned to a democratic rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the military regimes in South Korea?

    <p>The country transitioned to a democratic rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is shown in Figure 5.4?

    <p>The distribution of democracies worldwide before the latest major democratizing conjuncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the new democratic systems in countries like Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Romania?

    <p>They were met with unfavourable circumstances and collapsed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the great world economic crisis after 1929 on democratization?

    <p>It led to a negative conjuncture or reverse wave of democratization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the presidential actions in Finland and Estonia during the economic crisis?

    <p>Finland's president maintained democracy, while Estonia's president created an authoritarian regime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the attack on Poland in 1939 and Pearl Harbor in 1941?

    <p>An even more bloody and horrible war</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the victorious World War II allies in the defeated countries occupied by them?

    <p>They created economic and political systems following their model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the war in Austria and Germany?

    <p>The old regimes were discredited and opportunities for democratization were opened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the mobilization during the war in pre-existing incomplete democracies?

    <p>Parties, women, and workers gained political representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the League of Nations?

    <p>To maintain collective security and national self-determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the renewed attempts of democratization in Austria, Germany, Italy, and Japan?

    <p>They were successful and led to the establishment of democratic systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country remained independent from European colonial powers the longest?

    <p>Portugal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of government did most newly independent African states adopt initially?

    <p>Democratic constitutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the 'people's democracies' emerging in Central and Eastern Europe?

    <p>They were democratic by name only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What international organization was founded in 1945 to promote collective security?

    <p>United Nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country remained a special case in Sub-Saharan Africa during the wave of independence?

    <p>South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of government did India adopt after gaining independence?

    <p>Parliamentary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country was the last to gain independence from European colonial powers?

    <p>Portuguese colonies in Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of French efforts to keep their territories by military force?

    <p>Unsuccessful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country consistently maintained its democratic constitution in Latin America?

    <p>Costa Rica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the first multi-party elections in Turkey after World War II?

    <p>The opposition came into power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region remained untouched by democratic movements after World War II?

    <p>North Africa and the Middle East</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main ingredients that have contributed to democratization?

    <p>Republicanism, representation, and political equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the first major 'conjuncture' of political forces, actors, and events?

    <p>The end of World War I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a consequence of the peace treaties at the end of World War I?

    <p>The creation of independent states with democratic constitutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for democracy to exist, according to Rokkan?

    <p>A secure statehood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in determining whether a democracy is consolidated or not?

    <p>The absence of high levels of political unrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the League of Nations, as proposed by President Woodrow Wilson?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor favourable for democracy, according to empirical democratic theory?

    <p>A powerful landed upper class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the emotions and demands of countries that have suffered territorial losses, such as Germany or Hungary?

    <p>Revanchist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key component of a democratic political culture, according to Almond and Verba?

    <p>A rejection of authoritarian orientations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of civil control of the military and other armed forces, according to democratic theory?

    <p>To ensure the subordination of the military to legitimate political authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

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