82 Questions
What is the primary focus of this chapter?
The historical development of democratization since the late eighteenth century
Who is the author that is mentioned in the text as distinguishing three major 'waves'?
Samuel Huntington
What is the primary timeframe of the Second 'Long Wave'?
1945–88
What is the term used to describe a period of significant democratic progress?
Conjuncture
What is the title of the first 'Long Wave'?
The First 'Long Wave'
What is the primary purpose of highlighting long-term and short-term factors in democratization?
To explain the emergence of democracies
What is the name of the model that links different levels of analysis, as mentioned in the text?
The bathtub model
Who challenges the periodization of democratization and suggests a fourth wave starting in 1989/90?
Renske Doorenspleet
What is the term used to describe slower, long-term developments in democratization?
Long waves
What is the term used to describe critical moments in which a series of related events can happen in a relatively short period of time?
Conjuncture
What is the term used to describe the 'conditions of occurrence' that shape political life?
Conditions of occurrence
What is the level of analysis at which social movements, interest groups, and political parties operate?
Meso-level
What type of political system is the explanandum in the model of sociological explanation?
Democratic
Who is the author of the concept of 'pulses of isomorphic change'?
Thomas et al.
What is the name of the author who wrote about the 'opportunity set' in the context of democratization?
Elster
What is the term used to describe the subjective dimension of politics?
Distinct political-cultural sub-milieus
What is the main limitation of the numbers presented in the text?
They only show the overall ‘net’ situation for any given year
What was the outcome of the series of military coups in Latin America after 1964?
Previous democracies broke down
Where were the early fledgling democracies largely confined to?
Largely in Western Europe, the USA, and some Latin American Republics
What marked the end of the First Long Wave?
The end of World War I
What followed the First Long Wave?
A negative conjuncture or ‘reverse wave’
What event brought about a second long wave of democratization?
The end of World War II
What happened in the 1960s in Latin America?
A series of military coups
How has the Third Wave of democratization been characterized?
As a period of stagnation
What has been the outcome of the ‘colour revolutions’ and the ‘Arab Spring’?
A period of political instability
What has been the trend of autocracies in recent years?
A steep decline
What is the primary source of data used to compile the Polity IV scores?
Country-by-country assessments of constitutions and similar legal documents
What is the main limitation of the Polity IV scores in terms of assessing democratization?
They do not account for discrepancies between constitutional texts and actual political reality
What is the term used to describe the combination of democratization and autocratization trends?
Anocracy
How many major positive conjunctures of democratization are identified in the graph?
Three
What is the primary factor that restricted the dimension of inclusion in the 19th century?
Property ownership
Which country was the first to introduce full women's voting rights?
New Zealand
What is the term used to describe open pluralist competition between candidates and parties?
Contestation
What is the primary focus of the labor and similar movements in the 19th century?
Recognizing official political parties
What is the main trend observed in the democratization process over time?
A gradual increase in democratization
What is the purpose of the concluding section in the chapter?
To summarize the findings in the light of current empirical democratic theory
What was the primary basis of legitimacy for larger political entities in the past?
The expression of a divine will
According to Robert Dahl, what marked the beginning of the first 'long wave' of democratization?
The 'second transformation'
What was a key feature of the republican tradition that emerged during the 'second transformation'?
Appointed or elected rulers
Which of the following was a major factor contributing to the democratization process?
The development of representative governments
What was the primary goal of the labour movement and socialist parties?
To extend the suffrage
What was the outcome of the revolutions of 1848?
The failure of most revolutions
What was the impact of the urbanization process on democratization?
It facilitated communication and the spread of democratic ideas
What was a consequence of World War I?
The disruption of international trade and communications
What was the role of the urban bourgeoisie and middle classes in the democratization process?
They played an ambiguous role, sometimes supporting liberal ideas and sometimes opposing the labour movement
What was the consequence of the Enlightenment on politics?
A shift towards a more secular and non-transcendental orientation
What was the outcome of the authoritarian regimes in Latin America?
They transitioned to democratic rule by the end of the 1980s
What was the result of the decolonization and Cold War period?
A steady increase in the number of democracies worldwide
What happened in Southern Europe during the 1970s?
The authoritarian regimes democratized and military rule was ended
What was the outcome of the regime in the Philippines after the fall of Marcos?
The country transitioned to a democratic rule
What was the outcome of the military regimes in South Korea?
The country transitioned to a democratic rule
What is shown in Figure 5.4?
The distribution of democracies worldwide before the latest major democratizing conjuncture
What was the outcome of the new democratic systems in countries like Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Romania?
They were met with unfavourable circumstances and collapsed
What was the impact of the great world economic crisis after 1929 on democratization?
It led to a negative conjuncture or reverse wave of democratization
What was the outcome of the presidential actions in Finland and Estonia during the economic crisis?
Finland's president maintained democracy, while Estonia's president created an authoritarian regime
What was the result of the attack on Poland in 1939 and Pearl Harbor in 1941?
An even more bloody and horrible war
What was the outcome of the victorious World War II allies in the defeated countries occupied by them?
They created economic and political systems following their model
What was the result of the war in Austria and Germany?
The old regimes were discredited and opportunities for democratization were opened
What was the outcome of the mobilization during the war in pre-existing incomplete democracies?
Parties, women, and workers gained political representation
What was the primary purpose of the League of Nations?
To maintain collective security and national self-determination
What was the outcome of the renewed attempts of democratization in Austria, Germany, Italy, and Japan?
They were successful and led to the establishment of democratic systems
Which country remained independent from European colonial powers the longest?
Portugal
What type of government did most newly independent African states adopt initially?
Democratic constitutions
What was the outcome of the 'people's democracies' emerging in Central and Eastern Europe?
They were democratic by name only
What international organization was founded in 1945 to promote collective security?
United Nations
Which country remained a special case in Sub-Saharan Africa during the wave of independence?
South Africa
What type of government did India adopt after gaining independence?
Parliamentary system
Which country was the last to gain independence from European colonial powers?
Portuguese colonies in Africa
What was the outcome of French efforts to keep their territories by military force?
Unsuccessful
Which country consistently maintained its democratic constitution in Latin America?
Costa Rica
What was the outcome of the first multi-party elections in Turkey after World War II?
The opposition came into power
Which region remained untouched by democratic movements after World War II?
North Africa and the Middle East
What are the three main ingredients that have contributed to democratization?
Republicanism, representation, and political equality
What event led to the first major 'conjuncture' of political forces, actors, and events?
The end of World War I
Which of the following was a consequence of the peace treaties at the end of World War I?
The creation of independent states with democratic constitutions
What is a necessary condition for democracy to exist, according to Rokkan?
A secure statehood
What is a key factor in determining whether a democracy is consolidated or not?
The absence of high levels of political unrest
What is the primary function of the League of Nations, as proposed by President Woodrow Wilson?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a factor favourable for democracy, according to empirical democratic theory?
A powerful landed upper class
What is the term used to describe the emotions and demands of countries that have suffered territorial losses, such as Germany or Hungary?
Revanchist
Which of the following is a key component of a democratic political culture, according to Almond and Verba?
A rejection of authoritarian orientations
What is the primary function of civil control of the military and other armed forces, according to democratic theory?
To ensure the subordination of the military to legitimate political authorities
Test your knowledge of democratization history, including the concept of long waves and conjunctures, and major milestones from 1776 to the present day. Learn about the different periods of democratization and their significance.
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