Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which countries are categorized as liberal democracies as of the early 2000s?
Which countries are categorized as liberal democracies as of the early 2000s?
What significant event marked the turnaround in Central Asia and eastern Europe regarding democratization?
What significant event marked the turnaround in Central Asia and eastern Europe regarding democratization?
What describes the current political status of Turkey amidst recent political changes?
What describes the current political status of Turkey amidst recent political changes?
Which region has shown limited changes in democratization during the third wave?
Which region has shown limited changes in democratization during the third wave?
Signup and view all the answers
What is described as a recent trend affecting multiple countries in Africa between 2000-2006?
What is described as a recent trend affecting multiple countries in Africa between 2000-2006?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characterization of democratic transitions according to O'Donnell and Schmitter?
What is the primary characterization of democratic transitions according to O'Donnell and Schmitter?
Signup and view all the answers
Which phase is NOT part of the democratic transition process identified by O'Donnell and Schmitter?
Which phase is NOT part of the democratic transition process identified by O'Donnell and Schmitter?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Barrington Moore, what factors influence the process of democratization?
According to Barrington Moore, what factors influence the process of democratization?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Linz and Stepan define a consolidated democracy as?
What does Linz and Stepan define a consolidated democracy as?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of revolution is characterized by a clash between the aristocracy and the new bourgeoisie leading to liberal democracy?
What type of revolution is characterized by a clash between the aristocracy and the new bourgeoisie leading to liberal democracy?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Acemoglu & Robinson argue is necessary for a transition to democracy in unequal land-based societies?
What does Acemoglu & Robinson argue is necessary for a transition to democracy in unequal land-based societies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the five arenas necessary for effective democratic consolidation?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five arenas necessary for effective democratic consolidation?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do 'anchors' play in the democratic consolidation process?
What role do 'anchors' play in the democratic consolidation process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which outcome occurs when there is a weak bourgeois middle class and a dominant landed aristocracy?
Which outcome occurs when there is a weak bourgeois middle class and a dominant landed aristocracy?
Signup and view all the answers
In terms of behavior, what is a characteristic of a consolidated democracy according to Linz and Stepan?
In terms of behavior, what is a characteristic of a consolidated democracy according to Linz and Stepan?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary criticism of Moore's theory regarding the role of social structures?
What is the primary criticism of Moore's theory regarding the role of social structures?
Signup and view all the answers
Which theorist argues that democracy is more likely in societies with egalitarian income distribution?
Which theorist argues that democracy is more likely in societies with egalitarian income distribution?
Signup and view all the answers
What concept is emphasized by Leonardo and Morlino regarding the consolidation process?
What concept is emphasized by Leonardo and Morlino regarding the consolidation process?
Signup and view all the answers
What does O'Donnell criticize about the perception of consolidated democracies?
What does O'Donnell criticize about the perception of consolidated democracies?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the strategic approaches of Dankwart Rustow, what are the phases of transitioning to democracy?
According to the strategic approaches of Dankwart Rustow, what are the phases of transitioning to democracy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common misconception about the role of the bourgeoisie in democratization according to theorists?
What is a common misconception about the role of the bourgeoisie in democratization according to theorists?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the process of democratization?
What characterizes the process of democratization?
Signup and view all the answers
What significant event marked the peak of democratization during the third wave?
What significant event marked the peak of democratization during the third wave?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary argument presented by Lipset regarding the relationship between economic development and democracy?
What is the primary argument presented by Lipset regarding the relationship between economic development and democracy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which region is noted as the second most democratic region in the world despite recent setbacks?
Which region is noted as the second most democratic region in the world despite recent setbacks?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is NOT identified by Lipset as a mechanism aiding the transition from traditional to modern societies?
Which factor is NOT identified by Lipset as a mechanism aiding the transition from traditional to modern societies?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Adam Przeworski, what is a key criticism of Lipset’s hypothesis that reaching a development threshold guarantees democracy?
According to Adam Przeworski, what is a key criticism of Lipset’s hypothesis that reaching a development threshold guarantees democracy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one characteristic of the first wave of democratization?
What is one characteristic of the first wave of democratization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following countries is noted for becoming a closed autocracy in recent years?
Which of the following countries is noted for becoming a closed autocracy in recent years?
Signup and view all the answers
Which concept describes the negative impact of natural resource revenues on the competitiveness of other industries?
Which concept describes the negative impact of natural resource revenues on the competitiveness of other industries?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does economic development usually have on the demands for redistribution in a democratic context?
What effect does economic development usually have on the demands for redistribution in a democratic context?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Electoral Democracy Index measure?
What does the Electoral Democracy Index measure?
Signup and view all the answers
What political phenomenon occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa until the late 1980s?
What political phenomenon occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa until the late 1980s?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a country where democracy and development do not necessarily correlate?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a country where democracy and development do not necessarily correlate?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'clientelism' refer to in the context of resource-rich countries and democracy?
What does the term 'clientelism' refer to in the context of resource-rich countries and democracy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a notable critique of Huntington's analyses of democratization?
What is a notable critique of Huntington's analyses of democratization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement best reflects the consequences of economic inequality in the context of democratic transitions?
Which statement best reflects the consequences of economic inequality in the context of democratic transitions?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Democratization and Autocratization
- Democratization is defined as a "movement towards an outcome" (democracy) or a "transition to a democratic regime" or "political changes moving in a democratic direction".
- It's a multifaceted process, encompassing both quantitative ("movement towards democracy") and qualitative ("from autocracy to democracy") approaches.
- Double standards exist in applying universal democratization principles to different states due to varying national interests.
- Robert Dahl's typology of democratization processes (1971) distinguishes between Liberalization, Competitive Oligarchy, Mass Democracy, Closed Hegemony, and Inclusive Hegemony.
Waves of Democratization and Autocratization
- Samuel Huntington, conceptualized waves of democratization and autocratization.
- First wave (1828-1926): Inspired by the French and US Revolutions, global democratic movements.
- First wave of autocratization (1922-1942): Marked by the rise of fascism.
- Second wave of democratization (1943-1962): Occurred after the end of fascism.
- Second wave of autocratization (1958-1975): Characterized by military pushes in South America.
- Third wave of democratization (1974-present): Marked by the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe.
Latin America Cases
- Democratization has occurred in many Latin American countries since the 1970s, but notable exceptions persist (e.g., Cuba, Haiti, Venezuela, and Nicaragua).
- Progressive democratic developments have happened in countries like Chile, Uruguay, and Panama.
- The region currently contains both electoral democracies and closed autocracies.
Sub-Saharan Africa
- Closed autocracies were prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa before the 1980s, but democratization processes emerged from the 1990s to around 2006 that resulted in varied types of democracies (e.g., liberal democracies in countries like Ghana, South Africa; electoral democracies in Botswana etc).
- The region continues to exhibit diverse political systems, ranging from multi-party autocracies to democratic ones.
Central Asia and Eastern Europe
- The fall of communist regimes in the late 1980s marked a period of significant democratic shifts.
- Following the 1989-1991 period, there was a substantial increase in the number of independent countries in the region.
Asia & Pacific
- Some countries in Asia and the Pacific have experienced consolidated democracies (e.g., Japan, South Korea, Taiwan), while others remain non-democratic or have seen fluctuating levels of democratization.
Middle East and North Africa
- Relatively limited changes in democratization have been seen in this region during the third wave of democratization.
- The region exhibits a mix of closed autocracies, multi-party autocracies, and some electoral democracies.
Structural Approaches: Modernization theory
- Democracies are seen as outcomes of economic development.
- As countries develop economically, they transition towards democratic systems.
Structural Approaches: Social Classes Theory
- Social classes and their interactions are crucial to understanding democratization processes.
- Key actors include peasantry, bourgeoisie, and landed aristocracy.
- Different combinations of these actors lead to distinct outcomes (e.g., bourgeois revolutions, revolutions from above and below).
Strategic Approaches (Opposite to Modernization)
- These approaches emphasize short- to medium-term factors, and actions of political actors, rather than long-term structural factors.
- The strategic interaction between elites and masses is crucial in democratization transitions.
- Stages of such transitions include preparation, decision, and habituation.
- These processes are characterized by uncertainty.
Consolidation of Democracy
- A consolidated democracy: when a democracy has become "the only game in town".
- Crucial factors in the consolidation are the interactions of actors such as citizens, political actors, and civil society in areas such as behaviors, attitudes, and constitutions.
- The legitimacy and inclusive nature of democratic processes are important to consolidation.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the multifaceted processes of democratization and autocratization. Understand Robert Dahl's typology and Samuel Huntington's waves of democracy and authoritarianism. This quiz will test your knowledge on the historical evolutions and key theoretical frameworks in political science.
