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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the general category that includes problem solving, deductive reasoning, and decision making?
What is the name of the general category that includes problem solving, deductive reasoning, and decision making?
Thinking
Deductive reasoning begins with specific premises that are assumed to be false.
Deductive reasoning begins with specific premises that are assumed to be false.
False (B)
Which of the following is NOT a type of deductive reasoning task discussed in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of deductive reasoning task discussed in the text?
- Propositional Calculus
- Syllogisms
- Inductive Reasoning (correct)
- Conditional Reasoning
In a syllogism, the conclusion is always valid.
In a syllogism, the conclusion is always valid.
The belief-bias effect occurs when people's judgments are influenced by their prior beliefs and general knowledge, rather than by the rules of logic.
The belief-bias effect occurs when people's judgments are influenced by their prior beliefs and general knowledge, rather than by the rules of logic.
People who score low on tests of flexible thinking are less likely to be affected by the belief-bias effect.
People who score low on tests of flexible thinking are less likely to be affected by the belief-bias effect.
Which type of decision-making heuristic involves assessing the ease with which relevant examples come to mind?
Which type of decision-making heuristic involves assessing the ease with which relevant examples come to mind?
What is the name of the fallacy that occurs when people incorrectly judge the probability of the combination of two events to be greater than the probability of either event alone?
What is the name of the fallacy that occurs when people incorrectly judge the probability of the combination of two events to be greater than the probability of either event alone?
What is the name of the heuristic that involves making an initial estimate and then making adjustments based on additional information?
What is the name of the heuristic that involves making an initial estimate and then making adjustments based on additional information?
Overconfidence in one's judgments is always a negative trait, leading to poor decision-making.
Overconfidence in one's judgments is always a negative trait, leading to poor decision-making.
What is the name of the bias that describes our tendency to overestimate our ability to have predicted a past event?
What is the name of the bias that describes our tendency to overestimate our ability to have predicted a past event?
The hindsight bias only affects our judgments about personal experiences and events.
The hindsight bias only affects our judgments about personal experiences and events.
Which of the following is NOT a reason why people might exhibit overconfidence in their decisions?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why people might exhibit overconfidence in their decisions?
What is the name of the cognitive bias that describes people's tendency to underestimate the time or resources required to complete a project?
What is the name of the cognitive bias that describes people's tendency to underestimate the time or resources required to complete a project?
Maximizers tend to experience more regret about past decisions than satisficers.
Maximizers tend to experience more regret about past decisions than satisficers.
The framing effect describes how the way in which a question is worded can influence our decision-making processes.
The framing effect describes how the way in which a question is worded can influence our decision-making processes.
People tend to be more risk-averse when presented with potential gains and more risk-seeking when presented with potential losses.
People tend to be more risk-averse when presented with potential gains and more risk-seeking when presented with potential losses.
The anchoring and adjustment heuristic is only relevant when we are estimating numerical values.
The anchoring and adjustment heuristic is only relevant when we are estimating numerical values.
The recognition heuristic is most effective when we are trying to determine the relative abundance of two categories that are familiar to us.
The recognition heuristic is most effective when we are trying to determine the relative abundance of two categories that are familiar to us.
Flashcards
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
A type of reasoning that starts with assumed true statements (premises) to determine if a specific conclusion logically follows.
Conditional Reasoning
Conditional Reasoning
A type of deductive reasoning that examines the relationship between conditions, often using 'if...then...' statements.
Premise
Premise
A statement assumed to be true in deductive reasoning.
Conclusion
Conclusion
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Syllogism
Syllogism
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Validity (in Syllogism)
Validity (in Syllogism)
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Invalid (Syllogism)
Invalid (Syllogism)
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Indeterminate (Syllogism)
Indeterminate (Syllogism)
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Study Notes
Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making
- Deductive reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making are interconnected, all forms of "thinking" that go beyond given information.
- Deductive reasoning begins with premises (assumed true) and uses logic to determine if a conclusion is valid.
- Decisions involve evaluating information and selecting from multiple alternatives, ranging from trivial (e.g., sandwich toppings) to momentous (e.g., career choices).
- Conditional reasoning (if...then...) tasks test the validity of conclusions drawn from conditional statements.
- Another type of task is a syllogism, using premises like "all," "none," "some," to draw valid conclusions.
- Deductive reasoning can be difficult due to biases like belief bias (prior beliefs influencing judgments) and confirmation bias (seeking confirming evidence).
- Availability heuristic involves judging frequency by how easily comparable instances are retrieved from memory.
- Recent and familiar information might distort estimated frequencies.
- Representativeness heuristic judges examples based on perceived similarity to the overall category.
- Representativeness can lead to mistakes, like overlooking the influence of sample size.
- Base rate information (how often something occurs) is often ignored.
- The conjunction fallacy occurs when a conjunction of events is judged more probable than a single event.
- Anchoring and adjustment heuristic involves starting with an initial estimate (anchor) and adjusting it based on additional information.
- Adjustments are often insufficient leading to overreliance on the initial estimate (anchor)
- Overconfidence about decisions includes overestimating accuracy.
- Overconfidence in judgment may stem from biases, limited information, and difficulties processing complex information.
- Hindsight bias is overconfidence in the predictability of past events.
- Framing effect refers to how the way a question is worded impacts decisions.
- The way a question is presented, whether in terms of gains or losses, heavily influences decisions.
- Maximizers tend to exhaustively explore all options, while satisficers settle for satisfactory outcomes.
- Maximizing is related to regret.
- Studying decision making is interdisciplinary, involving psychology, economics, politics, sociology, law, medicine and other fields.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of deductive reasoning and its role in decision-making processes. This quiz highlights the connections between logical thinking, biases, and various reasoning tasks. Test your understanding of syllogisms, conditional statements, and the cognitive biases that can influence our judgments.
