Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of deductive reasoning?
What is the primary function of deductive reasoning?
What type of reasoning is characterized by starting with general principles to reach specific conclusions?
What type of reasoning is characterized by starting with general principles to reach specific conclusions?
Which of the following is NOT a heuristic mentioned in decision making?
Which of the following is NOT a heuristic mentioned in decision making?
What is the framing effect in the context of decision making?
What is the framing effect in the context of decision making?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement best describes the role of heuristics in decision making?
Which statement best describes the role of heuristics in decision making?
Signup and view all the answers
What psychological phenomenon occurs when people overestimate the accuracy of their decisions?
What psychological phenomenon occurs when people overestimate the accuracy of their decisions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of hindsight bias?
What is a characteristic of hindsight bias?
Signup and view all the answers
Which heuristic relies on immediate examples that come to mind?
Which heuristic relies on immediate examples that come to mind?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the phrase 'it’s a good bet' imply in logical reasoning?
What does the phrase 'it’s a good bet' imply in logical reasoning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the key difference between decision-making tasks and propositional reasoning tasks?
What is the key difference between decision-making tasks and propositional reasoning tasks?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following methods is commonly associated with scientific reasoning?
Which of the following methods is commonly associated with scientific reasoning?
Signup and view all the answers
How do people commonly solve reasoning tasks successfully, despite cognitive biases?
How do people commonly solve reasoning tasks successfully, despite cognitive biases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which transformation of logical reasoning is represented by 'denying the antecedent'?
Which transformation of logical reasoning is represented by 'denying the antecedent'?
Signup and view all the answers
What conclusion is typically invalid in propositional reasoning?
What conclusion is typically invalid in propositional reasoning?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement is true regarding the reasoning process discussed?
Which statement is true regarding the reasoning process discussed?
Signup and view all the answers
What error can occur when using the heuristic 'it’s a good bet' in logical reasoning?
What error can occur when using the heuristic 'it’s a good bet' in logical reasoning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one benefit of recognizing the limitations of decision-making heuristics?
What is one benefit of recognizing the limitations of decision-making heuristics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which social science fields contribute to decision-making research?
Which social science fields contribute to decision-making research?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect does decision-making research typically focus on?
What aspect does decision-making research typically focus on?
Signup and view all the answers
How does decision-making research assist individuals?
How does decision-making research assist individuals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following areas is NOT specifically mentioned as related to decision-making research?
Which of the following areas is NOT specifically mentioned as related to decision-making research?
Signup and view all the answers
The interdisciplinary nature of decision-making includes which of the following fields?
The interdisciplinary nature of decision-making includes which of the following fields?
Signup and view all the answers
Which approach is highlighted as a specific area of decision-making?
Which approach is highlighted as a specific area of decision-making?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of scenarios does decision-making research prefer to examine?
What type of scenarios does decision-making research prefer to examine?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the recognition heuristic suggest when comparing two options?
What does the recognition heuristic suggest when comparing two options?
Signup and view all the answers
In the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, what is established first?
In the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, what is established first?
Signup and view all the answers
What common mistake can occur when using the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?
What common mistake can occur when using the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?
Signup and view all the answers
Why might a person incorrectly estimate travel time using the anchoring heuristic?
Why might a person incorrectly estimate travel time using the anchoring heuristic?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the recognition heuristic in relation to population size estimation?
Which of the following best describes the recognition heuristic in relation to population size estimation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary condition necessary for the recognition heuristic to operate effectively?
What is a primary condition necessary for the recognition heuristic to operate effectively?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about the anchoring effect?
Which of the following is true about the anchoring effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the conjunction fallacy?
What is the conjunction fallacy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process is NOT associated with the use of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?
Which process is NOT associated with the use of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?
Signup and view all the answers
Why do people commit the conjunction fallacy according to Tversky and Kahneman?
Why do people commit the conjunction fallacy according to Tversky and Kahneman?
Signup and view all the answers
In the example involving murders, what does the conjunction rule illustrate?
In the example involving murders, what does the conjunction rule illustrate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which situation exemplifies the conjunction fallacy as mentioned in the content?
Which situation exemplifies the conjunction fallacy as mentioned in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic of the conjunction fallacy makes it particularly interesting to psychologists?
What characteristic of the conjunction fallacy makes it particularly interesting to psychologists?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Keith Stanovich's research indicate about SAT scores and conjunction fallacy?
What did Keith Stanovich's research indicate about SAT scores and conjunction fallacy?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the representativeness heuristic lead individuals to do in the context of probability?
What does the representativeness heuristic lead individuals to do in the context of probability?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common consequence of the conjunction fallacy demonstrated in real-world scenarios?
What is a common consequence of the conjunction fallacy demonstrated in real-world scenarios?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the hindsight bias reflect about our perception of past events?
What does the hindsight bias reflect about our perception of past events?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Linda Carli's study demonstrate regarding people's memory recall?
What did Linda Carli's study demonstrate regarding people's memory recall?
Signup and view all the answers
In Carli's study, what kind of errors did participants commit during the memory test?
In Carli's study, what kind of errors did participants commit during the memory test?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the primary variable that differed between the two versions of Barbara's story?
What was the primary variable that differed between the two versions of Barbara's story?
Signup and view all the answers
What social phenomenon is suggested by the study's implication of 'blaming the victim'?
What social phenomenon is suggested by the study's implication of 'blaming the victim'?
Signup and view all the answers
How does hindsight bias affect our understanding of past relationships, according to the material?
How does hindsight bias affect our understanding of past relationships, according to the material?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the reaction of participants who read the ending where Jack raped Barbara?
What was the reaction of participants who read the ending where Jack raped Barbara?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes how hindsight bias can alter our perception of events?
Which of the following best describes how hindsight bias can alter our perception of events?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making
- Deductive reasoning and decision-making are interconnected cognitive processes, both involving mental transformation of information beyond the given.
- Deductive reasoning begins with premises and examines logical conclusions.
- Decision-making involves evaluating options and selecting alternatives.
- Conditional reasoning (propositional reasoning) examines relationships between conditions.
- A typical conditional reasoning task follows an "if...then..." structure.
- A syllogism consists of two statements (premises) and a conclusion using terms like "all," "none," "some."
- Hindsight bias involves overconfidence in the ability to predict past events.
- Belief bias involves judgment based on prior beliefs, not logical analysis.
- Confirmation bias involves searching for information confirming existing beliefs.
- Availability heuristic estimates frequency based on ease of recalling examples.
- Recency and familiarity influence availability estimates.
- Representativeness heuristic judges likelihood based on similarity to a category.
- Base rate neglect ignores the overall frequency of an item when evaluating a particular case.
- Conjunction fallacy incorrectly judges the likelihood of a more specific event to be higher than a more general event.
- Anchoring and adjustment heuristic uses a starting point (anchor) and adjusts based on additional information.
- Overconfidence involves inflated confidence in one's decisions.
- Planning fallacy underestimates the time needed for a project.
- Framing effect influences decisions based on how questions are worded or presented (e.g., life saved vs. life lost scenario).
- Maximizers tend to seek the best possible option, while satisficers settle for good enough options.
- Decision-making errors can be influenced by many factors (e.g., prior beliefs, emotional state, cognitive biases).
- The Recognition heuristic involves selecting the recognized option when comparing two options.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your understanding of deductive reasoning and its role in decision-making. This quiz covers concepts like conditional reasoning, biases, and logical conclusions. Ideal for students wanting to improve their cognitive skills.
