Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of deductive reasoning?

  • To derive a specific conclusion from assumed true premises. (correct)
  • To analyze emotional influences on problem-solving.
  • To generate multiple possible outcomes from a set of scenarios.
  • To evaluate the importance of heuristics in decision making.

    • What type of reasoning is characterized by starting with general principles to reach specific conclusions?

  • Deductive Reasoning (correct)
  • Analogical Reasoning
  • Inductive Reasoning
  • Abductive Reasoning

    • Which of the following is NOT a heuristic mentioned in decision making?

  • Anchoring Heuristic
  • Framing Heuristic (correct)
  • Representativeness Heuristic
  • Availability Heuristic

    • What is the framing effect in the context of decision making?

    <p>The influence of how information is presented on decision outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of heuristics in decision making?

    <p>Heuristics simplify the decision-making process by using mental shortcuts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological phenomenon occurs when people overestimate the accuracy of their decisions?

    <p>Overconfidence Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hindsight bias?

    <p>The belief that past events were more predictable than they actually were.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heuristic relies on immediate examples that come to mind?

    <p>Availability Heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'it’s a good bet' imply in logical reasoning?

    <p>It suggests a high probability of correctness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between decision-making tasks and propositional reasoning tasks?

    <p>Propositional reasoning requires using 'always' for valid conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is commonly associated with scientific reasoning?

    <p>Denying the consequent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do people commonly solve reasoning tasks successfully, despite cognitive biases?

    <p>By applying dual-process theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transformation of logical reasoning is represented by 'denying the antecedent'?

    <p>Assuming the hypothesis must be false.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion is typically invalid in propositional reasoning?

    <p>If A, then B; not A; therefore not B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the reasoning process discussed?

    <p>Cognitive errors can often be traced to heuristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What error can occur when using the heuristic 'it’s a good bet' in logical reasoning?

    <p>Assuming the argument is always valid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of recognizing the limitations of decision-making heuristics?

    <p>It enhances decision-making effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social science fields contribute to decision-making research?

    <p>Psychology and economics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does decision-making research typically focus on?

    <p>Concrete, realistic scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does decision-making research assist individuals?

    <p>By helping develop strategies for better decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas is NOT specifically mentioned as related to decision-making research?

    <p>Engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interdisciplinary nature of decision-making includes which of the following fields?

    <p>Psychology and philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is highlighted as a specific area of decision-making?

    <p>Critical thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scenarios does decision-making research prefer to examine?

    <p>Realistic and concrete situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the recognition heuristic suggest when comparing two options?

    <p>Recognition of one option indicates it has a higher frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, what is established first?

    <p>An initial approximation known as an anchor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common mistake can occur when using the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?

    <p>Failing to adjust adequately for delays or changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a person incorrectly estimate travel time using the anchoring heuristic?

    <p>They might not factor in potential delays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the recognition heuristic in relation to population size estimation?

    <p>It is based solely on the familiarity of the cities mentioned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary condition necessary for the recognition heuristic to operate effectively?

    <p>Only one option should be recognized while the other is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the anchoring effect?

    <p>The initial anchor significantly influences final judgments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conjunction fallacy?

    <p>Estimating that the conjunction of two events is more probable than either event occurring separately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT associated with the use of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?

    <p>Selecting new anchors based on personal preference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people commit the conjunction fallacy according to Tversky and Kahneman?

    <p>They tend to use the representativeness heuristic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example involving murders, what does the conjunction rule illustrate?

    <p>The number of murders in a specific city cannot exceed those in a larger region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation exemplifies the conjunction fallacy as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Assuming the likelihood of a bank teller being a feminist is higher than that of just being a bank teller.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the conjunction fallacy makes it particularly interesting to psychologists?

    <p>It shows a disconnect between intuition and statistical reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Keith Stanovich's research indicate about SAT scores and conjunction fallacy?

    <p>Students with high SAT scores are more prone to making the conjunction fallacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the representativeness heuristic lead individuals to do in the context of probability?

    <p>Neglect mathematical calculations in favor of intuition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of the conjunction fallacy demonstrated in real-world scenarios?

    <p>Misjudgment of probabilities in everyday decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hindsight bias reflect about our perception of past events?

    <p>Our overconfidence in predicting outcomes that have already occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Linda Carli's study demonstrate regarding people's memory recall?

    <p>Memory recall was influenced by the story's ending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Carli's study, what kind of errors did participants commit during the memory test?

    <p>Participants recalled details consistent with the ending they read.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary variable that differed between the two versions of Barbara's story?

    <p>The final outcome of the relationship between Barbara and Jack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social phenomenon is suggested by the study's implication of 'blaming the victim'?

    <p>The tendency to assume victims are responsible for their tragedies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hindsight bias affect our understanding of past relationships, according to the material?

    <p>It causes us to view past relationships as predictable based on current knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reaction of participants who read the ending where Jack raped Barbara?

    <p>They felt they could have predicted the outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how hindsight bias can alter our perception of events?

    <p>It leads us to believe outcomes were obvious after they have occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

    • Deductive reasoning and decision-making are interconnected cognitive processes, both involving mental transformation of information beyond the given.
    • Deductive reasoning begins with premises and examines logical conclusions.
    • Decision-making involves evaluating options and selecting alternatives.
    • Conditional reasoning (propositional reasoning) examines relationships between conditions.
    • A typical conditional reasoning task follows an "if...then..." structure.
    • A syllogism consists of two statements (premises) and a conclusion using terms like "all," "none," "some."
    • Hindsight bias involves overconfidence in the ability to predict past events.
    • Belief bias involves judgment based on prior beliefs, not logical analysis.
    • Confirmation bias involves searching for information confirming existing beliefs.
    • Availability heuristic estimates frequency based on ease of recalling examples.
    • Recency and familiarity influence availability estimates.
    • Representativeness heuristic judges likelihood based on similarity to a category.
    • Base rate neglect ignores the overall frequency of an item when evaluating a particular case.
    • Conjunction fallacy incorrectly judges the likelihood of a more specific event to be higher than a more general event.
    • Anchoring and adjustment heuristic uses a starting point (anchor) and adjusts based on additional information.
    • Overconfidence involves inflated confidence in one's decisions.
    • Planning fallacy underestimates the time needed for a project.
    • Framing effect influences decisions based on how questions are worded or presented (e.g., life saved vs. life lost scenario).
    • Maximizers tend to seek the best possible option, while satisficers settle for good enough options.
    • Decision-making errors can be influenced by many factors (e.g., prior beliefs, emotional state, cognitive biases).
    • The Recognition heuristic involves selecting the recognized option when comparing two options.

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    Cognition: Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making (2023) PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of deductive reasoning and its role in decision-making. This quiz covers concepts like conditional reasoning, biases, and logical conclusions. Ideal for students wanting to improve their cognitive skills.

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