Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making Quiz

A type of reasoning that starts with assumed true statements (premises) and judges if a conclusion logically follows from them, based on logic principles.

A specific type of deductive reasoning focusing on 'if-then' statements.

The process of evaluating information and choosing from several options.

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify complex decisions, often leading to quick but potentially flawed solutions.

A mental shortcut where decisions are based on how similar something is to a prototype.

A mental shortcut where decisions are based on how easily examples come to mind.

A mental shortcut where decisions are influenced by an initial piece of information (the 'anchor').

How the way information is presented (framed) affects decision-making.

A type of logical reasoning that involves evaluating the truth of statements based on their logical connections.

A conclusion that is logically derived from the given premises, meaning it must be true if the premises are true.

A conclusion that does not logically follow from the given premises, even if the premises are true.

A valid argument form in propositional reasoning where if the first part of an 'if-then' statement is true, then the second part must also be true.

An invalid argument form where if the second part of an 'if-then' statement is true, it does not necessarily mean the first part is also true.

An invalid argument form where if the first part of an 'if-then' statement is false, it doesn't necessarily mean the second part is also false.

A valid argument form where if the second part of an 'if-then' statement is false, then the first part must also be false.

A theory explaining cognitive processes as having two systems, one for fast, intuitive, and often automatic thinking, and another for slow, deliberate, and conscious thinking.

A mental shortcut where you make decisions based on whether you recognize one item out of two. You assume the recognized item is more frequent or important.

The initial value or information that we use as a starting point in the anchoring and adjustment heuristic.

The process of modifying the anchor value based on additional information, aiming for a more accurate estimate.

It helps us decide between two options by assuming that the one we recognize is more frequent or important.

It can lead to inaccurate judgments if the recognized item is not actually more frequent or important.

It helps us make estimations by modifying an initial value based on new information.

It can lead to biased judgments if we don't adjust the anchor value adequately based on all available information.

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify complex decisions, often relying on experience and intuition.

While heuristics can be helpful, they can also lead to biased or inaccurate decisions, as they may oversimplify complex situations.

Becoming a better decision-maker involves recognizing the limitations of heuristics and developing strategies to mitigate their potential biases.

Decision-making research involves insights from various disciplines, including psychology, economics, politics, and sociology.

Decision-making research focuses on practical scenarios, guiding strategies for better choices in everyday situations.

Many resources exist to support decision-making, including books, articles, and studies covering diverse aspects of the field.

Decision-making research often uses realistic scenarios rather than abstract theoretical examples.

The tendency to judge the probability of the conjunction of two events as being greater than the probability of either event alone, even though this is mathematically impossible.

A classic example of the conjunction fallacy, where people are asked to judge the probability of a woman named Linda being a bank teller or a feminist, and most incorrectly choose the conjunction 'bank teller and feminist'.

A basic principle of probability stating that the probability of the conjunction of two events cannot be greater than the probability of either event alone.

The conjunction fallacy highlights the fact that people can ignore basic principles of probability and make illogical judgments, even when presented with clear evidence.

Research suggests that even college students with high SAT scores may be more susceptible to the conjunction fallacy than students with lower SAT scores.

This fallacy demonstrates the potential for faulty reasoning in everyday decision-making, affecting our judgments on everything from hiring decisions to risk assessments.

Focus on the actual probabilities involved, rather than relying on intuition. Break down the problem into its components and consider the individual likelihoods of each event.

The tendency to overestimate our ability to predict an event after it has occurred, believing we 'knew it all along'.

Our tendency to change our memories of past events to align with our current knowledge and beliefs.

The tendency to hold victims responsible for events that happened to them, particularly in tragic situations.

A study demonstrating the hindsight bias, where participants read a story with two different endings and recalled details consistent with the ending they read, even when the details were made up.

Consistent mistakes in memory or judgment that are influenced by a particular bias.

The tendency to remember information that aligns with our current beliefs or expectations, even if the information isn't accurate.

A common, oversimplified image of a person or event, based on assumptions rather than reality.

A test designed to assess a person's ability to recall past events or information.