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Questions and Answers
Berelson and Steiner defined communication as the exchange of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc. using various symbols like words, pictures, and graphs.
True
Normative judgement in communication theory focuses on the extent to which the receiver and the source share the same understanding after communication.
False
One of the learning objectives includes differentiating between a communication theory and a concept.
True
Communication skill is not considered important in personal and professional life according to the text.
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Companies prioritize hiring and promoting individuals with poor communication skills.
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According to Berelson and Steiner (1964), communication always involves the use of symbols such as words, pictures, and graphs.
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Field experiments always take place in public places.
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Primary research is typically published in popular magazines.
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Surveys allow researchers to claim causality between variables.
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Manipulation in research is always associated with negative connotations.
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In secondary research, the person who conducted the research reports the findings.
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Consent is not required in venues where field experiments take place.
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Rhetorical criticism is not concerned with analyzing the persuasive force of messages.
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In ethnography, the researcher immerses themselves into a culture or context to understand communication rules and meanings.
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Complete participants in ethnography are individuals who are unaware that they are being studied by a researcher.
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Interaction analysis is one of the forms of textual analysis mentioned in the text.
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Content analysis is a form of textual analysis that focuses on studying power dynamics between individuals.
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Complete observers in ethnography interact with the members of the culture or context they are studying.
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The deductive approach requires developing a hypothesis after conducting research.
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Scholars using inductive theory believe the best theories emerge from systematic study results.
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Observation is the first step in developing an inductive theory.
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All observed dogs having fleas is an example of seeking patterns in an inductive theory.
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Based on the text, the deductive approach leads to the formation of a law.
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Scholars using inductive theory develop theories based on random observations.
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Social scientists in the humanities tend to start with data and subsequently develop theory.
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Objectivity is a central feature of the social scientific method.
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The social scientific approach focuses on one's own interpretation rather than generalizations.
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Social scientists tend to follow determinism, believing that past experiences influence people's behavior.
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The focus of research for the social scientific method is on standardization and control.
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The social scientific method emphasizes curiosity over objectivity.
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Study Notes
Communication and Media Theory
- Communication is the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc. by the use of symbols (words, pictures, graphs, etc.).
- Intentionality refers to situations where a source transmits a message to a receiver with conscious intent to affect the receiver's behavior.
- Normative judgement is focused on whether the definition requires an indication of success or accuracy.
Contexts of Communication
- Communication can take place in various contexts, including in companies, dating apps, advice columns, and organizational performance reviews.
- Companies want to hire and promote people with excellent communication skills.
Research
- Research is a disciplined inquiry that involves studying something in a planned manner and reporting it so that others can replicate the process.
- Primary research is reported by the person who conducted it and is typically published in peer-reviewed academic journals.
- Secondary research is reported by someone other than the person who conducted it and is often reported in newspapers, popular or trade magazines, handbooks, and textbooks, and on the Internet.
- Surveys, experiments, and ethnography are methods of research used to study communication.
Theory Development
- Theory development involves the systematic process of observing, seeking patterns, and developing a general conclusion.
- Inductive theory involves developing theories from the results of systematic study, while deductive theory involves developing a hypothesis and then collecting data to confirm it.
- The social scientific approach to theory development is deductive, while the humanistic approach is inductive.
Distinctions between Humanities and Social Sciences
- The focus of research for the social scientific method is on standardization and control, objectivity, and generalizations.
- In contrast, the humanistic approach focuses on particularism, one's own interpretation, and the complexity of human experiences.
- Social scientists tend to follow determinism, believing that past experiences, personality predispositions, and other antecedent conditions cause people to behave in certain ways.
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Description
Explore the deductive approach in research where a hypothesis is developed before conducting any research, and adjustments are made with additional research until overwhelming evidence supports the theory. Learn how researchers seek to confirm their theories by collecting data on variables.
