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State Formation in Africa and Decolonization
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State Formation in Africa and Decolonization

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Questions and Answers

What is one consequence of ethnic diversity in African states?

  • Higher levels of inequality (correct)
  • Enhanced national identity
  • Faster economic growth
  • Increased levels of public goods provision

    • What concept does Max Weber associate with ethnicity?

  • Socioeconomic status in society
  • Human groups sharing a belief in common descent (correct)
  • Political affiliation and ideology
  • Historical development of nations

    • Which characteristic primarily distinguishes ethnicity from other identity types?

  • Economic background
  • Educational attainment
  • Ascriptive characteristics (correct)
  • Cultural practices

    • Which of the following is NOT commonly considered an ethnic identity?

    <p>Political parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential impact of ethnic diversity on political parties in Africa?

    <p>Increased likelihood of identity-based political parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT represent a salient axis of ethnicity?

    <p>Economic class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does ethnic diversity have on national identity in African states?

    <p>Weaker national identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT correlate with ethnic diversity in African states?

    <p>Higher levels of public goods provision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of World War II for African decolonization?

    <p>Shattered the aura of invincibility of colonial rulers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leader was instrumental in the establishment of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963?

    <p>Kwame Nkrumah</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the decolonization experiences in Portuguese colonies?

    <p>Protracted and often bloody struggles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joseph Mobutu's regime in Zaire was largely supported by which country?

    <p>United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which international document called for self-determination after World War II?

    <p>Atlantic Charter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movements gained momentum in the 1950s as a part of anti-colonial efforts?

    <p>Youth movements and student organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Zaire, how much did the government spend on health and education combined in 1994?

    <p>$0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key features of the ethnic landscape in Africa?

    <p>Ethnic boundaries coinciding with language groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT represent a category commonly considered 'ethnic'?

    <p>Social Class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to modernization theory, what is expected to happen to the relevance of ethnicity?

    <p>It will decline as societies industrialize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories suggests that ethnicity is fixed and historically determined?

    <p>Primordialism/Essentialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does instrumentalism propose about ethnicity?

    <p>Individuals strategically choose ethnic identity for political or economic reasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the premise of constructivism concerning ethnicity?

    <p>Ethnicity is fluid but can be influenced by political institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism is commonly associated with primordialism regarding ethnic identities?

    <p>It fails to recognize the fluid nature of many identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which context did Robert Kaplan mention the concept of 'ancient tribal hatreds'?

    <p>The strength and fragility of multi-ethnic societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Marxism suggest about ethnicity in modern society?

    <p>It represents a false consciousness that distracts from class struggle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general scholarly consensus regarding ethnic identity in Africa?

    <p>Ethnic identity plays a significant role in African politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a state?

    <p>A political community formed by a territorially-defined population subject to one government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of the state in society?

    <p>Set standards to solve coordination problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Weber, what is essential for a state to function?

    <p>A monopoly on legitimate use of violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key question addresses the issue of state formation in Africa?

    <p>What were the initial conditions that led to state formation?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why has the weakness of Africa’s states persisted after independence?

    <p>Strong ethnic identities overshadow national unity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of state functionality does allocating radio frequencies pertain to?

    <p>Coordination problem-solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is part of state formation in Africa and differentiates it from Europe?

    <p>Historical colonial impacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the discovery of Brazil in 1500 have on the Atlantic Slave Trade?

    <p>It triggered the slave trade to South America for labor in plantations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which continent had the highest estimated shipment of slaves during the Atlantic Slave Trade?

    <p>Americas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the demand for slave labor evolve in the 18th century?

    <p>It peaked due to the industrial revolution and mechanization of textiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regions were largely involved in the Atlantic Slave Trade?

    <p>Portugal, Spain, and the British</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major driver for the slave trade during the 16th and 17th centuries?

    <p>Demand for slave labor for sugar plantations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated percentage of slaves that worked on sugar plantations during the 16th and 17th centuries?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about the geographical distribution of slaves shipped during the Atlantic Slave Trade?

    <p>Over 90% were sent to the Caribbean or Brazil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor that has resulted in less attention being given to slavery in the Muslim world?

    <p>The historical narratives focus predominantly on European transgressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    State Formation in Africa

    • States are political communities that have a defined territory and population, subject to one government
    • States also have an administrative staff that has control over the legitimate use of violence
    • States coordinate behavior, set standards, redistribute resources and provide welfare
    • Decolonization was a protracted and often bloody process, particularly in Portuguese colonies and former settler colonies
    • Anti-colonial movements gained momentum in the 1950s, fueled by the emergence of intellectual and political leaders
    • The 1950s were a time of optimism, with several independence leaders advocating pan-Africanism
    • Kwame Nkrumah, former prime minister of Ghana, was instrumental in the creation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963
    • World War II significantly impacted decolonization by seeing Africans fighting and shattering the aura of colonial invincibility
    • The emergence of new superpowers with no interest in colonial systems also contributed to the end of colonialism
    • The Atlantic Charter (1941) and the United Nations' notion of "equal rights and self-determination of peoples" shifted international norms

    Ethnicity in Africa

    • Ethnic diversity is correlated with increased risk of conflict, inequality, slower growth, lower levels of public goods provision, identity-based politics, and weaker national identity
    • Ethnicity is based on ascriptive characteristics, including ancestry, kinship, culture, language, and religion
    • The salient axis of ethnicity varies across countries, including race in South Africa, language in Canada, and religion in Northern Ireland
    • Ethnic identities commonly considered in political science include tribes, clans, castes, races, and religions
    • Modernization theory suggests ethnicity will decline as industrialization and urbanization progress
    • Marxist theory posits that ethnicity is "false consciousness" and modern society will be organized along class lines
    • Both theories failed to account for the persistence of ethnicity in industrialized countries
    • Primordialism/Essentialism argues that ethnicity is fixed and rooted in societies, with ethnic identities trumping other identities
    • Instrumentalism posits that ethnicity is fluid and a strategic choice by individuals to achieve political or economic ends
    • Constructivism asserts that ethnicity is fluid but slow-moving, shaped by political institutions

    The Slave Trade

    • Europeans traded coveted goods with African middlemen in return for slaves, rarely venturing into the interior
    • The trans-Saharan, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean slave trade occurred from the early Islamic conquests to the 20th century
    • 6-7 million slaves are estimated to have been shipped to India and the Middle East
    • The Atlantic Slave Trade began in the early 16th century, driven by the need for labor in Portuguese mines and coffee plantations in South America
    • An estimated 9-15 million Africans were shipped to the Americas by various European powers
    • The demand for slave labor increased in the 1600s due to North American cotton and tobacco plantations
    • By the mid-19th century, the trade ended and slavery was abolished in Britain in 1838
    • Less than 10% of transatlantic slaves arrived in North America, the rest were sent to the Caribbean or Brazil
    • The Atlantic Slave Trade disproportionately affected certain regions of Africa, with specific ethnic groups subjected to high transportation numbers
    • The demand for slave labor was driven by European involvement in trade with Africa and the rise of plantation agriculture
    • The expansion of sugar, cotton, and coffee plantations in the Americas fueled demand for slave labor
    • The 18th-century peak in slave trade coincided with the industrial revolution and the mechanization of textiles in England

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