Database Transactions and NoSQL Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which property of transactions ensures that all operations are completed or none are completed?

  • Consistent
  • Isolated
  • Durable
  • Atomic (correct)

    • What does the 'Consistent' property of a transaction guarantee?

  • The database remains in a valid state according to defined constraints. (correct)
  • Transactions can be rolled back partially.
  • Data can be accessed by concurrent transactions.
  • All changes are made visible immediately.

    • Which ACID property prevents a transaction's changes from being seen by other transactions until it is committed?

  • Atomic
  • Durable
  • Isolated (correct)
  • Consistent

    • How is durability in transactions typically achieved?

    <p>Using transaction logs that can recreate transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of RDBMS signifies that applications describe what data they need rather than how to retrieve it?

    <p>Abstraction from physical layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows for the creation of indexes to support queries in an RDBMS?

    <p>Data Definition Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of transaction management, what happens during a system failure in relation to durability?

    <p>Results of committed transactions must survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes NoSQL databases?

    <p>They allow for flexible data models and unstructured data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes document databases from relational databases?

    <p>Documents are addressed with a unique key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a key/value store, how is data primarily arranged?

    <p>In maps, or associative arrays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of data in sorted ordered column-oriented stores?

    <p>Sets of key/value pairs identified by row-key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT typically associated with column-oriented stores?

    <p>Data is stored as a single table.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use case for Redis?

    <p>Cache management and real-time analytics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do column-oriented databases offer?

    <p>They reduce space consumption by avoiding null values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a notable example of a key/value store?

    <p>HBase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does NoSQL stand for?

    <p>Not Only SQL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT commonly associated with NoSQL databases?

    <p>Strict adherence to ACID properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant challenge in managing big data with NoSQL?

    <p>Managing continuously evolving schema and metadata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following companies contributed to the development of NoSQL technologies?

    <p>Google</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the CAP theorem?

    <p>A principle stating that a distributed data store can only guarantee two of the three: Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data store does Dynamo represent?

    <p>Distributed key-value data store</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original intention behind the development of NoSQL databases?

    <p>To create modern web-scale databases for large data sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the NoSQL movement begin?

    <p>Early 2009</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are traditional RDBMS not suitable for Big Data environments?

    <p>They assume data is dense and uniform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of NoSQL databases compared to RDBMS?

    <p>They can handle massive and sparse datasets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which NoSQL database type is optimized for queries over large datasets and stores columns together?

    <p>Sorted Ordered Column Store</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding document databases?

    <p>They are addressed by a unique key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the CAP Theorem relate to in NoSQL databases?

    <p>It highlights the trade-offs between consistency, availability, and partition tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of NoSQL database is designed to store information about networks of data?

    <p>Graph Database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is notable for using document databases?

    <p>MongoDB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What capability do NoSQL databases emphasize for handling data?

    <p>Quick return of query results over large datasets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preference do AP systems prioritize over consistency?

    <p>Availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is sacrificed by CP systems?

    <p>Availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a challenge that needs to be managed by a DBA in a NoSQL environment?

    <p>Database Schema Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would using a NoSQL database be most advantageous?

    <p>For large sets of uncontrolled, unstructured data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by saying that consistency and availability is not a binary decision?

    <p>They can be prioritized differently in various systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of NoSQL databases?

    <p>Suited for sparse or semi-structured data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is essential to consider when things go wrong in a NoSQL database configuration?

    <p>Node synchronization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application would most likely require a NoSQL solution?

    <p>A dynamic social media feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does vertical scaling involve when dealing with large volumes of data?

    <p>Upgrading the server with faster CPUs or more memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the master-slave model in RDBMS scaling?

    <p>Reads performed against slave databases may be stale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of BASE transactions?

    <p>Stale data is considered acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the CAP theorem stipulate regarding distributed systems?

    <p>At least one property must be compromised.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the primary goal of NoSQL databases?

    <p>Providing ease of horizontal scaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes sharding a necessary approach in distributed databases?

    <p>It determines which machine stores each piece of data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are long-running transactions impractical in NoSQL systems?

    <p>They block resources for extended periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario does the master-slave configuration face challenges?

    <p>When data is frequently updated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the property of durability ensure in a transaction?

    <p>The results of a committed transaction survive system failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ACID property ensures that a transaction results in a valid state based on predefined constraints?

    <p>Consistent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a transaction management scenario, what happens during the isolation property?

    <p>Only completed transactions are visible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of document databases compared to relational databases?

    <p>Documents are identified by unique keys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of NoSQL databases distinguishes them from traditional RDBMS?

    <p>Adapts to various data models and structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects is essential for ACID compliance in transactional systems?

    <p>Ensuring consistent state throughout operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes how key/value stores manage data?

    <p>Data is stored as maps, allowing for efficient access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge might arise from using NoSQL databases in a large-scale application?

    <p>Managing data consistency among distributed nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sorted ordered column-oriented stores, how is data primarily accessed?

    <p>By identifying and retrieving column families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of graph databases?

    <p>Everything is represented as nodes, edges, or attributes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it critical that the results of a transaction become durable?

    <p>To prevent loss of data after a system failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which benefit do column-oriented stores provide in terms of data storage?

    <p>They avoid space consumption for storing null values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes how NoSQL databases manage transactions compared to traditional RDBMS?

    <p>NoSQL databases rely primarily on efficient querying without strict adherence to ACID.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following NoSQL databases is specifically designed to handle large datasets efficiently?

    <p>Cassandra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic best describes the API functionality of document databases?

    <p>They provide an API for detailed querying based on document contents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of labels in graph databases?

    <p>To narrow searches according to specific attributes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sharding in a distributed database?

    <p>To determine the storage location for specific data rows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes BASE transactions from ACID transactions?

    <p>They allow for weak consistency with stale data being acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three properties involved in the CAP theorem?

    <p>Consistency, Availability, Partition tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of the master-slave model?

    <p>It can lead to data consistency issues due to write propagation delays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'scaling out' refer to in the context of NoSQL solutions?

    <p>Adding more machines to a database cluster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to ensure ACID properties in distributed systems?

    <p>Long-running transactions can block resources for extended periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of NoSQL databases when handling large datasets?

    <p>They emphasize availability over consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic of NoSQL databases compared to RDBMS?

    <p>They can handle large volumes of sparse and semi-structured data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best defines vertical scaling?

    <p>Upgrading a single server with more powerful hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of NoSQL database is best suited for handle complex relationships between data?

    <p>Graph Databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is a document database especially advantageous?

    <p>When handling a large number of user-generated documents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'schema-less' imply in the context of NoSQL databases?

    <p>Data can be stored without a predefined structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason why RDBMS are not suitable for handling big data?

    <p>They typically depend on static, uniform data schemas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects the nature of asynchronous inserts in NoSQL databases?

    <p>They may lead to temporary inconsistencies in data availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable example of a document database?

    <p>MongoDB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the typical use case for a key-value store?

    <p>Simple retrieval of data using a unique key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to consistency in AP systems?

    <p>Consistency is sacrificed for availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would a CP system be considered ideal?

    <p>When consistency is more important than uptime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following allows NoSQL databases to handle large datasets effectively?

    <p>High horizontal scalability across multiple nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary challenge that a DBA faces in a NoSQL environment?

    <p>Backups and recovery processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When would you most likely choose to implement a NoSQL database?

    <p>When dealing with high volumes of unstructured data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean that consistency and availability are not a binary decision?

    <p>There are varying degrees of both that can be balanced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major advantage of using NoSQL solutions for big data?

    <p>NoSQL allows for massive parallel processing of data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a DBA need to tune and optimize a NoSQL environment?

    <p>To ensure fast query performance and efficient resource use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is most associated with NoSQL databases compared to traditional RDBMS?

    <p>Horizontal scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of NoSQL databases addresses the need for managing large volumes of data?

    <p>Eventual consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The NoSQL movement began due to advancements in which technological area?

    <p>Distributed and parallel computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the original intention behind NoSQL databases?

    <p>To create modern web-scale databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is a fundamental concept of the CAP theorem in relation to NoSQL databases?

    <p>Consistency, Availability, Partition Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which challenge is specifically highlighted in managing big data with NoSQL databases?

    <p>Efficiently storing and accessing large amounts of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the origin of NoSQL databases?

    <p>Established as a response to rigid RDBMS limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Database Management Systems (LU8)

    • The lecture covers databases for social media platforms.
    • NoSQL databases are a current computing trend.
    • There are over a hundred different NoSQL databases.
    • A crucial aspect is writing a compelling CV in today's job market, highlighting NoSQL skills.
    • NoSQL databases are a current computing trend.
    • Over a hundred different NoSQL databases currently exist.

    RDBMS Characteristics

    • Data is stored in columns and tables.
    • Relationships are represented by data.
    • A Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used.
    • A Data Definition Language (DDL) is used.
    • Transactions are supported.
    • Abstraction from the physical layer is a key feature.
    • Applications specify what, not how.
    • Physical layer changes without affecting applications.
    • Indexes enhance query performance.
    • In-memory databases are an option.
    • RDBMSs assume data is dense and structured.

    Transactions - ACID Properties

    • Atomicity: A transaction is either fully completed or not at all.
    • Consistency: A transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another.
    • Isolation: The effects of one transaction are not seen by other transactions until it's complete.
    • Durability: Once a transaction is committed, its effects are permanent.
    • ACID properties are central to RDBMS transactions.

    NoSQL

    • NoSQL stands for "Not Only SQL."
    • It's an umbrella term for databases not adhering to RDBMS principles.
    • Multiple use cases are linked to large datasets and big data.
    • It includes diverse types of products and concepts related to data storage and manipulation typically used for large datasets.
    • NoSQL databases are particularly useful with massive datasets.

    NoSQL Definition

    • Next-generation databases mostly address non-relational, distributed, open-source, and horizontally scalable attributes.
    • Often designed for modern web-scale applications
    • Characterized by schema-free structures, ease of replication, straightforward API use, eventual consistency, and management of substantial data volumes.
    • NoSQL databases often excel in horizontal scaling.

    Where does NoSQL come from?

    • Non-relational DBMSs aren't novel but NoSQL marks a new evolution, driven by massively scalable Internet applications and distributed, parallel computing.
    • Development initially driven by Google, refined by other tech giants and their research through to the use cases and products.
    • Origins lie in addressing scalability needs of massively growing internet data.

    Dynamo and BigTable

    • BigTable (Google) and Dynamo (Amazon) are crucial early papers that greatly influenced the NoSQL movement.
    • Distributed key-value data stores and eventual consistency are central themes
    • BigTable and Dynamo papers significantly shaped the NoSQL paradigm.

    NoSQL and Big Data

    • NoSQL is closely related to "big data" concepts due to its historical roots in Internet applications
    • Efficiently managing and accessing large amounts of data, including handling fault tolerance issues and backups.
    • Data sets require parallel processing.
    • Managing semi-structured and unstructured data evolves continuously.
    • Big Data is a significant characteristic of NoSQL systems and their applications.

    How did we get here?

    • The rise of social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) amplified the need for storing and managing massive datasets.
    • Cloud-based solutions provided simple storage options.
    • The shift towards dynamically typed programming languages was a crucial factor.
    • Open-source communities played a significant role in the NoSQL development ecosystem.
    • These factors enabled the expansion of NoSQL databases.

    Why are RDBMS not suitable for Big Data?

    • RDBMS often assume dense, uniform, structured data.
    • Data from the internet is often massive and sparse, and semi/unstructured.
    • RDBMS's mechanisms and methods for access and storage are stretched thin with large datasets.
    • Lack of scalability in RDBMS is crucial for Big Data storage.

    NoSQL Distinguishing Characteristics

    • Large data volumes, scalable replication and distribution, potential for thousands of machines, potential global distribution across users, fast query responses, and limited update needs.
    • Key characteristics of NoSQL databases include asynchronous inserts/updates, schema-less models, lack of ACID properties, CAP theorem implications, and a focus on open-source development.
    • These traits distinguish NoSQL from RDBMS systems.

    NoSQL Database Types

    • Sorted ordered Column Store databases are optimized for queries of large datasets, with columns instead of rows.
    • Document Databases are optimized for structured data in a collection of key-value pairs represented by a document.
    • Key-Value Stores are the simplest NoSQL database, wherein each item is stored by a key value pair.
    • Graph Databases store data in terms of nodes with relations/edges for network connections, such as social connections.
    • Various NoSQL types cater to specific data characteristics.

    Document Databases (Document Store)

    • Documents are loosely structured sets of key/value pairs in standard formats (e.g., XML, JSON, BSON).
    • Documents are addressed via unique keys within the database.
    • Documents are treated as a whole instead of being broken down into constituent parts.
    • Schema-free structure and flexibility are notable aspects of document databases.

    Key-Value stores

    • Data is stored as a schema-less map of key/value pairs.
    • These collections are very efficient at accessing data.
    • Simple data storage structure and retrieval.

    Sorted Ordered Column-Oriented Stores

    • Data is efficiently stored in a column-oriented approach.
    • Columns grouped, for example using column families.
    • Data is structured as key value pairs.
    • Efficient design and structure for large datasets.
    • Specialized for optimized column-based processing.

    Graph Databases

    • Data is stored as nodes and edges, with attributes for each.
    • A highly flexible relational structure.
    • Nodes and edges can be labelled for easier searching.
    • Suitable for network and relationship data.

    Dealing with Big Data and Scalability

    • RDBMS scalability issues stem from their lack of distributed design.
    • Traditional DBMS systems generally scale up (increase server resource) but not out (add more machines).
    • NoSQL databases scale out by using clusters and multi-node solutions
    • Different scaling approaches include master-slave replication and sharding (partitioning).
    • Scalability is a major advantage of NoSQL systems.

    Scaling RDBMS

    • Master-Slave method (writes to master, reads to slaves)
    • Sharding method where data is physically split and distributed in different sections across/between hardware
    • Techniques for scaling RDBMS systems.

    NoSQL, No ACID

    • RDBMS are based on ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability).
    • NoSQL databases are often optimized for other factors.
    • NoSQL systems may sacrifice ACID characteristics for faster performance or high scalability in distributed applications.
    • Long running transactions lack practicality in distributed systems.
    • Trade-offs between ACID and NoSQL performance.

    BASE Transactions

    • BASE (Basically Available, Soft State, Eventually Consistent) transactions are the opposite of ACID.
    • Weak consistency, availability first, and approximate answers are crucial factors.
    • BASE systems commonly use approximate data/answers but in return are simpler and faster.
    • Alternative to ACID approach.

    CAP Theorem

    • Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance are interrelated concepts in distributed systems.
    • At most two of the three can be maximized at any given time.
    • Designing for the CAP theorem is a key concern in database design.

    CAP Theorem: Two Out of Three

    • Choosing between Consistency, Availability and Partition tolerance.
    • Trade-offs involved in data system choice.

    Consistency or Availability

    • Consistency and availability are not mutually exclusive concepts.
    • AP systems can prioritize availability at the cost of consistency.
    • CP systems prioritize data consistency to a degree but can sacrifice availability.
    • It is necessary to tailor the application to the specific use case.
    • Tradeoffs in database design concerning performance and data integrity are important.

    Performance

    • No single perfect NoSQL database exists.
    • The ideal solution will depend on the application needs, performance characteristics, and overall requirements of the system.
    • Performance needs are unique to the specific deployment.

    Where would I use it?

    • NoSQL is suitable for big unstructured data, log analysis, social networking, external feeds, and data that needs pre-processing before entry into traditional databases.
    • Suitable categories for NoSQL use are detailed.

    Don't forget about the DBA

    • Database Administrators (DBAs) are still essential to maintain and optimize NoSQL systems, despite these systems being flexible and scalable.
    • Backups, recovery, capacity planning, performance monitoring and integration, as well as optimization for tuning are crucial.
    • Critical roles of DBA's in managing and maintaining NoSQL environments.

    The Perfect Storm

    • Large datasets, an acceptance of alternative approaches, and dynamically-typed data have created a market for NoSQL databases.
    • SQL, with its powerful query language, is still the major standard in many use cases.
    • NoSQL databases often fill in particular niche use cases where current RDBMS solutions lack or fail to deliver the required performance.
    • Factors behind the growth of NoSQL markets.

    Summary

    • RDBMS will likely remain the dominant data structure.
    • NoSQL platforms fill unique niches for social networking and big data solutions.
    • NoSQL is an emerging, practical solution for certain big data problems.

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    PRT1024 Introduction to Database Management Systems PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of database transactions, focusing on ACID properties and the distinctions between relational and NoSQL databases. This quiz covers key characteristics of RDBMS and various types of database stores, including document and key/value types. Test your knowledge on transaction management, durability, and indexing.

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