Data Structures Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the 'push' operation do in a stack?

  • It adds an item to the top of the stack. (correct)
  • It adds an item to the bottom of the stack.
  • It removes an item from the top of the stack.
  • It returns the total number of items on the stack.

Which error condition occurs when attempting to pop from an empty stack?

  • Stack Underflow (correct)
  • Boundary Condition Error
  • Null Pointer Exception
  • Stack Overflow

How does a queue differ from a stack in terms of item removal?

  • The last item added is the first to be removed.
  • Items are removed randomly.
  • Items are removed in the order they were added. (correct)
  • Items can only be removed from the middle.

Which operation is associated with a queue but not with a stack?

<p>Enqueue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of graph traversal algorithm visits all vertices by exploring as far as possible along each branch before backtracking?

<p>Depth-First Search (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a stack data structure?

<p>Items are processed in a last in, first out manner. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a real-world application of a stack?

<p>Storing web browser history. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a queue data structure?

<p>Items are added to the end and removed from the beginning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best describes the use of a priority queue?

<p>Handling emergency responses where urgent cases must be addressed first. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a stack implemented with linked nodes, what does the 'head' point to?

<p>The last item added to the stack. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a compiler utilize a stack during function calls?

<p>To manage local variables and return addresses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure would typically be used to implement a priority queue?

<p>A linked-list of queues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when a queue is full?

<p>The queue allows no more elements to be added. (A), The number of elements in the queue equals the maximum capacity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a linked list implementation of a queue, where does an element get added?

<p>At the end of the list. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operation is performed to remove an element from a queue?

<p>dequeue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of communication does the Unix operating system implement using queues?

<p>Inter-Process Cooperation (IPC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use of queues in real-world applications?

<p>Buffering file inputs and outputs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data structure consists of nodes that are interconnected?

<p>Graph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a parameter you would typically analyze in queuing theory?

<p>Total memory usage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process of adding an element to a queue?

<p>enqueue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about FIFO is true?

<p>Elements are removed in the order they were added. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which of the following scenarios would a queue be the most appropriate data structure to use?

<p>Managing print jobs in a printer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stack

A data structure that follows the Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle. The last element added is the first one to be removed. Think of it like a stack of plates: you take the top plate off first.

Push (Stack)

The process of adding an element to the top of a stack.

Pop (Stack)

The process of removing the top element from a stack.

Queue

A data structure that follows the First-In, First-Out (FIFO) principle. The first element added is the first one to be removed. Think of it like a line at a store: the first person in line is the first one to be served.

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Priority Queue

A queue where elements have priorities, and higher priority elements are served before lower priority elements. Think of it like a line at an airport check-in counter where priority passengers get to go first.

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Call Stack

A stack that is used to keep track of function calls in a program. When a function is called, its information is pushed onto the call stack. When the function returns, its information is popped off the stack.

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Linked List

A data structure where each element has a reference to the next element in the structure. It is a linear data structure like a chain.

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What is a stack?

A stack is a data structure that follows the Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle. Think of it like a stack of plates: you take the top plate off first. The process of adding an item to the top of the stack is called "push". Removing an item from the top is called "pop".

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What does "push" mean in a stack?

The process of adding a new element to the top of a stack. It's like adding a new plate to the top of the stack.

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What does "pop" mean in a stack?

The process of removing the top element from a stack. It's like removing the top plate from a stack.

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What is a stack overflow?

An error that happens when you try to push an item onto a stack that is already full. The stack has reached its maximum capacity and cannot accommodate any more elements.

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What is a stack underflow?

An error that happens when you try to remove an item from a stack that is empty. Think of trying to take a plate off an empty plate stack.

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When is a queue full?

A queue is considered full if the number of elements currently stored (used) equals the maximum capacity (max).

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What does the enqueue operation do in a queue?

The enqueue operation adds a new element to the rear of the queue.

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What does the dequeue operation do in a queue?

The dequeue operation removes the element at the front of the queue.

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What is a linked list?

A linked list is a linear data structure where each element (node) contains data and a reference (pointer) to the next element.

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What is the head pointer in a linked list queue?

In a linked list implementation of a queue, the head pointer points to the first element (front) of the queue.

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What is the tail pointer in a linked list queue?

In a linked list implementation of a queue, the tail pointer points to the last element (rear) of the queue.

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Why use a queue?

Queues are used in scenarios that require a First-In, First-Out (FIFO) behavior, where items are processed in the order they are added.

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What is IPC?

Inter-process communication (IPC) is a mechanism that allows different processes to communicate and exchange data.

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How are queues used with resources like printers?

Queues are used to manage shared resources, such as printers, where jobs are processed in the order they are submitted.

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What is queueing theory?

Queues are used extensively in queueing theory, an area of mathematics that studies the behavior of waiting lines and service systems.

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Study Notes

Stacks

  • Stacks follow LIFO (Last-In, First-Out)
  • Items are added (pushed) and removed (popped) from the top.
  • A stack of books is a real-world example.
  • Stack operations include:
    • push: Adds an item to the top
    • pop: Removes and returns the top item
    • top: Returns the top item without removing it
    • size: Returns the number of items
    • isEmpty: Returns True if empty, False otherwise
  • Stack implementations:
    • Arrays: Fixed size, can waste memory if not large enough to hold all items
    • Linked Lists: Dynamic memory, expands as needed
  • Time complexity (Big O):
    • push/pop/top/size: O(1) (constant time)

Queues

  • Queues follow FIFO (First-In, First-Out)
  • Items are added (enqueued) to the rear, and removed (dequeued) from the front.
  • A line at a store is a real-world example.
  • Queue operations include:
    • enqueue: Adds an item to the rear
    • dequeue: Removes and returns the front item
    • first: Returns the front item without removing it
    • last: Returns the last item without removing it
    • size: Returns the number of items
    • isEmpty: Returns True if empty, False otherwise
  • Queue implementations:
    • Use Arrays that can be circular for queue, this may eliminate wasted memory or inefficient memory allocation
    • Linked Lists
  • Time complexity (Big O):
    • enqueue/dequeue/first/last/size: O(1) (constant time)

Priority Queues

  • Priority queues are like queues but elements have priorities.
  • Higher-priority elements are serviced first.
  • Airport ticket counters are an example.

Graphs

  • A graph is a non-linear data structure with nodes and edges.
  • Nodes are often called vertices, edges are the connections.
  • Graphs can be directed or undirected (with or without arrowed edge associations).
  • Edges can specify weights or weights can be assigned.
  • Graph terminology includes:
    • Vertex: A node in the graph
    • Edge: A connection between two vertices. An edge can be labeled or not.
    • Directed graph: Edge connections are directional
    • Undirected graph: Edge connections are non-directional
    • Loop: An edge connecting a vertex to itself
    • Path: A sequence of connected vertices.
    • Simple graph: No loops or multiple edges between the same two vertices
    • Weighted graph: Edges has weight
  • Graph implementation includes:
    • Adjacency Matrix
      • Use with true/false values to indicate if an edge exists; otherwise use weighted numeric values
      • A 2D array can be used.
    • Adjacency List
      • An array of linked lists
  • Graph traversal methods include:
    • Depth-First Search (DFS): Uses a stack to visit nodes—going deep as far as you can—then backtrack and visit other paths
    • Breadth-First Search (BFS): Uses a queue, visits all adjacent nodes of a given node before going to the next node levels.
  • Graph algorithms include:
    • Path finding (Determining if a path exists)
    • Shortest path algorithms (Dijkstra's algorithm): Find the shortest weighted path from a source to all or selected destination vertices

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CSC 1061 Week 14 Stacks, Queues & Graphs PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of data structures with this quiz that covers important concepts such as stacks and queues. Answer questions related to operations like 'push' and 'pop', and understand the differences in item removal between these structures. Delve into graph traversal algorithms and challenge your understanding.

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