Data Structures and Algorithms Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What happens to the two rightmost children of the node being split in a B-Tree?

They are deleted.

They are moved to the left child.

They are merged with their parent.

They are disconnected from the split node and connected to the new right-hand node. (correct)

Which of the following statements is true about a B-Tree?

B-Trees can only be used for simple data structures.

B-Trees allow search, insert, and delete operations to be performed efficiently. (correct)

B-Trees require that all nodes have a fixed number of children.

All leaf nodes must be at different depths.

What does Shell Sort primarily increase in other sorting algorithms?

The space requirements.

The complexity of sorting.

The efficiency of sorting. (correct)

The number of comparisons.

What is the primary purpose of rotations in Red-Black Trees?

To balance the tree and maintain binary search tree properties Signup and view all the answers

Which increment is used in Shell Sort to determine the spacing between elements?

h Signup and view all the answers

What should be done first when processing an operator in a binary expression tree?

Pop two pointers from the stack Signup and view all the answers

When performing N-sorting in Shell Sort, what condition must n fulfill during the process?

n can be less than half the number of elements. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step when inserting a new node into a Red-Black Tree?

Insert it as a red leaf node Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a Splay Tree?

A self-adjusting binary search tree that moves recently accessed nodes closer to the root Signup and view all the answers

In which traversal method is the root node read last?

Postorder Traversal Signup and view all the answers

What is a key drawback of the power of 2 sequence in Shell Sort?

It can lead to poor performance in sorting. Signup and view all the answers

Which traversal method visits nodes in the order root, left, right?

Preorder Traversal Signup and view all the answers

In the procedure of splitting a root in a B-Tree, which data item is moved into the new root?

Data item B Signup and view all the answers

What does the zig-zig step refer to in Splay Trees?

A double rotation involving a child and a grandchild node Signup and view all the answers

How does the Shell Sort pseudocode begin?

Determine the number of segments by dividing the number of cells by two. Signup and view all the answers

How many children can a node with two data items have in a 2-3-4 Tree?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an inorder traversal of a binary tree with the nodes A, B, C, D, E, F, and G?

A B C D E F G Signup and view all the answers

In a 2-3-4 Tree, how are key values arranged among children?

Children's key values are less than the first key of the parent or between keys Signup and view all the answers

Which operation follows the reading of the root node in the postorder traversal?

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the output of a postorder traversal of a binary tree with nodes A, B, C, and D?

D C B A Signup and view all the answers

What happens when splitting a node in a 2-3-4 Tree?

A new sibling node is created to the right with data items reallocated Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable advantage of using Splay Trees?

Faster access to data based on recent usage Signup and view all the answers

For the expression (A + B) - (C / D), what would be the left child of the root in its binary expression tree?

A + B Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about binary trees?

They can only have two children per node. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a self-balancing tree?

To minimize the height of the tree Signup and view all the answers

In an AVL tree, how is the balance factor calculated?

Right subtree height minus left subtree height Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Red-Black tree is true?

Every path from the root to a leaf must have the same number of black nodes. Signup and view all the answers

What does tree rotation accomplish in a tree structure?

It changes the structure of the tree without changing the order of elements. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does a balanced tree maintain?

The maximum path from root to any leaf is minimized. Signup and view all the answers

During insertion in an AVL tree, which operation is usually performed after inserting a new node?

Rebalancing if necessary Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of Red-Black Trees?

Each path from any node to its leaf nodes contains different numbers of black nodes. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the balance factor of an AVL tree becomes greater than 1 or less than -1?

Rotations and color changes are performed to restore balance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a tree in data structures?

To organize information in database systems hierarchically Signup and view all the answers

In a binary tree, how many children can a node have at maximum?

Two children Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a binary search tree from other tree types?

Each node maintains a specific key order with respect to its children. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the nodes at the bottom of a tree with no children?

Leaf nodes Signup and view all the answers

In the context of trees, what does the term 'degree' refer to?

The number of children a node has Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a subtree?

A tree formed by the root node and all its children. Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper way to construct a binary expression tree from an expression?

Create a one-node tree for each operand and manage them with a stack. Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'depth' of a tree?

The number of edges from the root to the furthest leaf Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pivot in the Quick Sort algorithm?

To serve as the marker for partitioning the array Signup and view all the answers

Which method is ideal for selecting a pivot in Quick Sort but is often impractical due to its complexity?

Median-of-Three Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does the process of collisions in a hash table present?

Handling the situation where different keys hash to the same index Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using the modulo operator in hashing?

To convert a large number into a smaller range Signup and view all the answers

Which technique helps to handle collisions by creating a linked list at each index?

Separate chaining Signup and view all the answers

In a graph, what do edges represent?

The connections between nodes Signup and view all the answers

What structural element in a graph is commonly referred to as vertices?

The distinct points or junctions Signup and view all the answers

Which search algorithm involves marking each vertex as visited and using a stack?

Depth-First Search Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'load factor' refer to in the context of hash tables?

The ratio of used slots to total capacity in the table Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding directed graphs?

Edges have a specific direction defined Signup and view all the answers

What does separate chaining do to manage hash table collisions?

Links all items at the same index into a list Signup and view all the answers

In Quick Sort, after partitioning the array, where does the pivot end up?

In its final sorted position Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is essential for a secondary hash function in double hashing?

It must not produce a zero output Signup and view all the answers

How does quadratic probing help overcome issues in hash tables?

It avoids primary clustering while allowing for broader search Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 13 - Trees

Trees are hierarchical data structures.
The root node is at the top, and the leaves are at the bottom.
Trees organize data items in a hierarchical structure.
They are used in database systems.
They can also be represented as ordered arrays or linked lists.
Trees are composed of nodes connected by edges or lines.

Basic Terminologies

Nodes: These are the fundamental units or components of a tree structure, representing individual data points or items within the hierarchy. Each node can contain significant information, such as values or references to other nodes, and plays a crucial role in establishing the relationships within the tree. Nodes can also be categorized based on their position within the tree, such as root nodes, internal nodes, and leaf nodes, each serving distinct purposes in organizing and managing data efficiently.: The individual elements in a tree.
Root Node: The topmost node in a tree.
Edges/Lines/Paths: Connections between nodes.
Leaf Nodes: Nodes with no children (at the bottom of the tree).
Internal/Child Nodes: Nodes with at least one child.
Subtree: A portion of the tree which contains a node and all of its descendants.
Visiting: Visiting a node in a tree structure.
Traversing: Traveling through all the nodes in the tree structure.
Levels: Different heights in a tree.
Degree: The number of children of a node.
Depth: The length of the path from the root node to a node (e.g., the depth of the leaf node is the height of the tree).
Keys: Values used to organize and identify nodes in the tree.

Week 14 - Balanced/Unbalanced Trees

Balanced Tree: A tree structure with equal items on each subtree, minimizing the maximum path from the root to a leaf node.
Height-Balanced Tree: Left and right subtrees (of each node) have a height difference of at most one.
Perfect Balance: A tree where all leaf nodes are on the same level (or have the same depth).
Unbalanced Tree: A tree where there is a significant difference in the height between the left and right subtrees of certain nodes.
Self-balancing trees: attempt to keep a consistent tree height.
Tree Rotation: Modifies the structure of the tree without changing the sorting order of the data.
AVL Tree: A self-balancing binary search tree named after its inventors (Adelson-Velsky and Landis).
Balance Factor: The difference in height between the left and right subtrees of a specific node (for an AVL tree).

Week 15 - Shell Sort

Shell Sort: An extension of insertion sort that improves efficiency on medium-sized arrays.
Increment: The space between elements when sorting.
Efficiency Increase: Shell sort doesn't sort elements themselves, rather, it increases efficiency of other sorting algorithms.
Invented by Donald Shell in 1959.
Space Between Elements: Measured by incremental values or spaces that are typically calculated by powers of 2.

Week 16 - Hash Tables

Hash Table: A data structure that facilitates fast insertion, searching, and deletion.
Based on Arrays: Hash tables are primarily designed using arrays and are efficient ways to organize data.
No Convenient Way to Visit Items in Order: Items within a hash table are not organized in a particular sequence, so iterating over them in a specific order is often not feasible.

Week 17 - Graphs

Graphs are versatile structures in computer science, modeling relations between vertices (nodes).
Vertices (Nodes): Elements in a graph.
Edges: Connections between vertices.
Adjacency: Two vertices are adjacent if an edge connects them.
Neighbors: Vertices connected to a given vertex by an edge.
Path: A sequence of edges connecting a series of vertices.

General Notes

Depth-First Search (DFS): A graph traversal algorithm that explores vertices as deeply as possible along each branch before backtracking.
Breadth-First Search (BFS): A graph traversal algorithm that explores vertices level by level, starting at the point of origin.
Minimum Spanning Trees: A tree spanning all vertices of a graph while minimizing total edge weight.
B-Trees: A self-balancing tree data structure used in databases.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts of data structures and algorithms, including B-Trees, Red-Black Trees, and Shell Sort. This quiz covers various operations, properties, and techniques used in these structures. Perfect for students learning about advanced data structures!