Data Collection - SV - PDF

DATA COLLECTION Objectives  By the end of the class the students will:  Understand the different types of data collection (self report, tests, behavioural measures, physical measures).  Outline the proper use of each type of data collection...

DATA COLLECTION Objectives  By the end of the class the students will:  Understand the different types of data collection (self report, tests, behavioural measures, physical measures).  Outline the proper use of each type of data collection tool.  Discuss the benefits and limitations of each data collection too.  Explain which types of graphs are appropriate for different data sets. SELF REPORT DATA Data Collection Tools Self-report: Participant responds to the researcher’s questions with their input Measures how people think and reports how they feel, act, think Can be quantitative or qualitative Examples: Questionnaires, surveys, interviews Possible problems: Truthfulness Accuracy of memory Interpretation of the question Question Delivery Self administered (Mail, Internet)   cost;  interviewer bias   misinterpretation   response rate Telephone   response rate;  clarification   cost;  time;  socially desirable response Personal Interview   response rate;  clarification   cost; time;  interviewer bias  lack anonymity Question Style: Closed-Ended  Quantitative  Participants must choose from a number of alternatives Question Style: Rating Scales  Quantitative  Participants must provide a rating on a numerical scale  E.g., Likert Scale Question Style: Open-Ended  Qualitative  Ask participant to formulate their own response  Researcher has some control of the answer (e.g., space provided) Question Errors Important not to lead/mislead participants Loaded Questions: Contains unproved accusation/assumption or emotionally laden terms Makes respondent “shameful” or “guilty” “Do you still abuse your dog?” “When did you give up on your health?” Why do you like those gross gummy bears? Leading Questions: Sways the respondent to answer in a desired manner “How satisfied are you with our product?” “That was fun – do you agree?” “You really love gummy bears, don’t you?” Double barreled Questions: Asks more than 1 thing at a time “How would you rate your diet and sleep habits?” “Do you like red gummy bears better than green ones or do you like orange ones the most?” Where is the Error? Q1: Have you stopped cheating on your exams? Question Type: Problems: Where is the Error? Q2: Are you motivated to go to the gym and to lose weight? Question Type: Problems: Where is the Error? Q3: Several experts have stated that fitness levels among Canadians are at their lowest – do you agree? Question Type: Problems: Interviews Qualitative interviews are usually open-ended questions Typically recorded and transcribed, unless not feasible or too intrusive Questions Types: Informal conversational interviews Unguided; most flexible; hardest to summarize Semi-structured interviews Semi-guided Standard open-ended interviews Completely structured; least flexible, easiest to summarize TEST DATA Data Collection Tools Tests Instrument used to assess individual differences in various content areas Possible Problems: State of participant on given day Interpretation of results BEHAVIOURAL MEASURES Data Collection Tools Behavioral Measures Observation and recording of behavior Possible problems: Reactivity Observer accuracy Classifying the Observation Participant Disguised vs vs Non-Participant Non-Disguised (Directly participating in (Subjects aware OR the activity OR not Unaware) participating in activity) Laboratory Direct vs vs Natural Setting Indirect (Control OR Realism) (As it occurs/active involvement OR after the fact/detached observation) Case Study  Research Question: What is the rate of illegal drug use among college students?  Setting:  Researcher attends a party for students. During the party the researchers covertly (secretly) observes, videotapes and/or records the incidence of drug use without the participants knowing  Answer the following questions with a partner:  1. Classify the types of observation used Non-participant/disguised/realism/indirect  2. Is this ethical? No Consent is needed because it’s a private setting if it was in a public setting then it would be okay PHYSICAL MEASURES Data Collection Tools Physical Measures Measures of bodily activity Equipment (scale; BP cuff, etc.) Objective Possible problems: Equipment accuracy Conductor skill Practice  Jane is conducting a study gaining information about fitness trends among university students.  Research Question: Do university students spend more time looking at fitness content on Instagram or Tik Tok?  Collection Method: Interview and Survey  Sample Question from Survey #1: Do you find it difficult to hide your obsession with fitness content?  Sample Question from Survey #2: Most people are excited about fitness content… Are you?  Sample Question from Survey #3: Do you like sleep content as well as sport content? Questions: 1. What is the population? University student 2. What is the dependent variable? Time spent on tik tok or Instagram 3. What type of collection method was used? Self report Interview and survey 4. What type of question is Q#1? Loaded question 5. What type of question is Q#2? Leading question 6. What type of question is Q#3? Double barrel  Data You have collected your data Now what do you do with it? Data Type Quantitative Variable: A variable for which the numeric score represent a change in quantity Weight, age, VO max, etc. 2 Qualitative Variable: A categorical variable for which each value represents a discrete category Hair color, shoe preference, dog breed Organizing/Summarizing Data Frequency Distributions  Information on number of observations for each variable  All scores listed: “f” = # of times each score occurs  Show data pattern Medal Frequency Gold 21 Silver 12 Bronze 9  f score 2 30 1 33 1 37 1 41 Frequency 1 47 2 51 Distribution 3 52 1 54 1 55 1 57 1 58 3 62 2 63 3 65 1 68 3 73 1 75 2 77  f Score Class Interval 4 66  f score 4 F (85%) Histogram vs. Bar Graph Histograms Think: Histograms Hug (H/H) Histograms Bars DO touch each other to indicate data is related x-axis order is specific Good for: Ordinal, Interval, Ratio data Appropriate for: Discrete and continuous data Histogram Frequency distribution wherein vertical bars are above each category along the x-axis Bars touch each other to indicate that the scores are related Midterm exam scores Good for: 20 Ordinal Interval Ratio