Dairy Science Facts

• Approximately 400-500 gallons of blood pass through the udder for each gallon of milk produced.

• Whole milk is about 25% fat when compared on a dry matter basis.

• All milking equipment must be sanitized after each use.

• A cow with a classification score of 85-89.9 is classified as Very good.

• A Babcock test measures the fat percentage of milk.

• The Jersey breed typically produces milk with the highest percentage of both milk fat and protein.

• Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart are called arteries.

• Solids removal is a manure waste management method that runs manure across a press and squeezes out the water.

• The omasum is the portion of the ruminant digestive system consisting of many folds of tissue.

• Milking time is best reduced by preparing cows properly.

• Transponders are bands with electronic I.D., production, and management information placed on cows' necks or feet.

• The rumen of a cow is located on the left side of the body.

• Endocrinology is the science dealing with hormones.

• Rotary Parlors or Carousel milk barns are faster compared to other type barns.

• Milking Shorthorn has a restriction for disallowing black markings.

• A bovine female that has not had a calf is a heifer.

• Pregnancy can be detected by palpation between 14 and 35 days.

• Another term for the lowest lateral regions of the abdomen, near the groin is inguinal.

• Structural carbohydrates are made of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

• NAFTA stands for North American Free Trade Agreement.

• Dry cows need 0.8 percent potassium in their diet.

• A reasonable body condition score at mid-lactation is 3.

• Structural carbohydrates are found in the cell wall of plants.

• The hormone BST is given to dairy cows after 200 days of lactation.

• Milk with over 400,000 somatic cell count cannot legally be shipped in the United States.

• A mutation where a calf is born with a single toe on one or more feet is called mule-foot.

• The manufacturers recommended mixing time for feed mixers is 3-6 minutes.

• Biological pest management predators are not FDA approved for mass release.

• The flank body part is located more towards the front of the animal.

• GnRH stands for Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone.

• Milk Fever paresis is caused by low blood levels of ionized calcium.

• NE stands for Net Energy when evaluating dairy rations.

• A cation is a positively charged ion.

• Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in pregnant cows.

• The typical lactation curve shows a dairy cow reaching peak production about 50-70 days into the lactation cycle.

• 70% of a cow's feed intake is consumed during daylight hours.

• FSIS stands for Food Safety and Inspection Service.

• Dairymen dock tails to reduce the incidence of mastitis.

• PTAT stands for Predicted Transmitting Ability-Type.

• Jersey cattle are characterized by having a dished face.

• Sodium Bicarbonate is the most common buffering agent used for dairy rations.

• Coliforms are commonly found in mud, water, and manure.

• High potassium intake will decrease a cow's ability to mobilize bone calcium.

• MLV stands for Modified Live Virus when referring to vaccinations.

• NFO stands for National Farmers Organization.

• As a rule of thumb, when milk production decreases, milk fat content increases.

• Dairy character is a trait with the only positive genetic correlation to milk production.

• The Holstein Association started its program of recording carriers of Undesirable Recessive Traits in 1957.

• The standard length of the dry period in dairy cattle is 60 days.

• Fat corrected milk means lactation records have been adjusted to the same milk fat percentage.

• Vitamin K plays a role in the coagulation of blood.

• Dairy Management Inc. introduced the myDairy social media program for dairy advocates.

• 98% of somatic cells are leukocytes.

• Degradable proteins are broken down in the rumen.

• Allelomimetic behavior is defined as the tendency for a group of animals to do the same thing at the same time.

• Protein, a combination of amino acids, contains the element nitrogen.

• NSC stands for Nonstructural Carbohydrates.

• Progesterone is the hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy.

• According to the NRC, a dry cow ration should contain .39 percent calcium.

• Intravenous injection is administered via the blood vessels.

• A perfect score for a cow according to the Dairy Cow Unified Score Card is 100.

• Some Texas dairymen are placing Bermuda and/or corn forage into large plastic bags for fermentation and silage production.

• Milk traits, i.e. fat, protein, SNF and etc. tend to have a heritability of about 20-30%.

• Dairy cows need roughage to concentrate ratio of approximately 40/60 to maintain the desired fat content in the milk.

• Black leg is a disease that causes air bubbles under the skin and usually results in rapid death.

• RHA is calculated by dividing the total amount of milk produced in the past 365 days by the total number of cow years in the herd last year.

• The two main problems that effect reproduction are heat detection and conception rates.

• PGF is the hormone produced by the uterus that causes regression of the Corpus luteum.

• According to recent USDA surveys, the most popular age to wean dairy calves is 9 weeks.

• A body condition score of 5 means extremely fat.

• Green colored hay is generally considered to have a higher beta-carotene content than more bleached out colored forage.

• Epinephrine is the hormone released that causes disruption during fear which can disrupt milk letdown in a cow .

• The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality regulates waste management.

• A free martin is considered a sterile heifer born twin to a bull.

• Dairy farmers frequently place a stomach magnet into their cows to prevent ingested metal objects from interfering with the digestive tract or the respiratory system.

• The abomasum is stomach compartment of the dairy cow.

• Front feet toward the rear with head, nose first, between them is normal presentation of a calf for parturition.

• The average production lifetime of a dairy cow is 3 years.

• Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body.

• Holstein cows get a numerical value of 75-79.9 when given a good classification.

• A TMR to a dairy person is Total Mixed Ration.

• Cattle grazing stressed on wilted hybrid sorghum/Johnson grass type pasture, may die as a result of prussic acid poisoning.

• 87 percent of milk is water.

• Parturition is the scientific term for birth.

• The sex chromosome configuration of a male calf is XY.

• A fetus can be sexed by ultrasound after 55 days .

• The part of the cow's back that lies between the withers and the loin is the chine. _ A dairy cow that has all 8 permanent incisor teeth open and can be considered to be a minimum of 4 years old.

• HACCP will inspect each dairy farm a minimum of every 6 months.

• The dairy breed that originated in the central part of the European continent breed is Brown Swiss.

• One ejaculation from a bull typically contains 5,000,000 sperm.

• Bulk tanks must be emptied and cleaned every 48 hours. The two U.S. dairy breeds that originated in the Channel Islands off the coast of France are: Guernsey and Jersey.

• The hormone oxytocin stimulates milk let down and may be administered via injection, when necessary after parturition.

• A dairy expects to cull approximately 25-30 % of their herd each year.

• The relationship between cattle and the microorganisms in their rumen is symbiotic.

• The two types of ovarian cysts are follicular and luteal.

• The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine that is connected to the abomasum.

• Zinc found in high concentrations in soft tissues such as the pancreas, liver, and kidney.

• Copper is the mineral necessary for hemoglobin formation.

• The letters EU stands for European Union.

• The rumen of a mature cow will hold approximately 40 gallons.

• A Holstein cow with the numerical value of less than 70 is classified as poor.

• % Protein is one of the highest heritability traits for milk is.

• Total Production Index combines the Predicted Transmitting Ability for protein, fat, type and udder composite index and ranks the animal on its ability to transmit a balance of these four traits.

• Feed is the largest cost on most U.S. dairy farms.

• Pest Predators will travel up to 80 yards to find their food source (fly pupae).

• Citrate is a compound that is fermented for flavor in buttermilk and sour cream.

• Milk fever is also known as Parturient paresis.

• In Jersey cows the incidence of milk fever most common.

• Dairy heifers need to be bred at 15 months of age assuming they are at least 65% of their adult weight at that time.

• When a small metal object punctures the stomach wall and causes an infection, the resulting disease is called Hardware disease.

• To dairymen, the most harmful disease impacting milk production and their economic bottom line is Mastitis.

• Parallel milk barns typically several cows on each side and the cows are arranged in a side by side (head out) fashion.

• Colostrum has approximately two times calcium, as does regular milk.

• FARAD stands for Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank.

• Heart girth measurements of cows may be used to estimate Body weight.

• If the heat detection rate is 30% and the conception rate is 30%, the pregnancy rate is 9%.

• USDEC stands for United States Dairy Export Council.

• The annual sale of dairy semen exceeds 20,000,000 straws.

• Sperm live 24 hours in the cow's reproductive tract after insemination .

• Feeding bulky feeds during the dry period and gradually bringing fresh cows back on grain are ways to prevent Displaced abomasum.

• Guernsey the dairy breed's milk is golden-yellow in color.

• A dairy cow must circulate about 400 pounds blood for each pound of milk produced.

• At pH 4.6 isoelectric point caseins precipitate.

• A calf's birth weight is approximately 5% of its' mature weight.

• Most dairies in Texas are CAFO's. A CAFO is a Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation. CL stands for Corpus Luteum in reference to reproduction.

• copper sulfate is a material used in a footbath for cows with foot rot problems.

• Lignin is the structural carbohydrate component that makes older plants less digestible than younger plants.

• BST is the acronym for Bovine Somatotropin.

• A "low-line" milk line has a lower vacuum requirement compared to older "high- line".

• Dairy cattle where first successfully cloned in the 2000's.

• Dairy cows produce milk that is relatively high in B complex vitamins.

• It is not necessary to supplement the intake of Vitamin B complex because they are ruminants:

• Abortion in the last trimester of pregnancy is often caused by Brucellosis.

• SCR stands for Sire conception rate when comparing bulls for artificial insemination.

• The Manure management techniques being used Collecting the methane gas being produced and using it as an energy source on the dairy.

• The Holstein Association calculates these four composite indexes: Udder, feet and legs, body form, & dairy character.

• A ration should contain 35 to 40 percent non-fiber carbohydrate contain a ration.

• Cows treated with BST typically show an increase in milk production of 10%.

• Recent research traits have shown that dairy cows prefer to be milked Four or more times if they are able to choose.

• The term freshen mean To give birth in relation to dairy production.

• A dairy cow that has her feet too far forward (under her belly) is said to be Sickle hocked.

• problem is called Lactose intolerance when Milk sugars are not very soluble so Some people have difficulty hydrolyzing them in their bodies, this.

• The pH of a "close up" Holstein's urine be is Between 6.0 and 6.5.

• Milk that is low in SCC has more Casein, which is a primary component in Cheese?

• Two methods for shortening udder hair are clipping and singeing.

• cheddar is the popular type of cheese in the United States.

• NDF stands for Neutral Detergent Fiber when examining feed rations.

• The abomasum is among the compartments of a cow's four-compartment stomach acts as the true stomach.

• Avoid milk fevers in cows by Both feeding low--potassium hay and/or silage to dry cows AND adding anionic salts to the dry cow ration.

• The cows leave the milkers via an alley wide and open wide enough to allow 2 or more cows side by side, meaning that a dairyman may milk in a rapid exit barn.

• An average Holstein cow should give 50 pounds per day for each lactation .

• Lactating cattle is expected to consume 25 gallons of water in one day.

• HTST is a Pasteurizing system .

• In young calves, the Esophageal groove a pathway directs milk into the abomasum, bypassing the rumen, reticulum, and omasum.

• The first feeding of colostrum should equal about 5 percent of the calf's body weight.

• Body condition scores from 1 to 5 are used to track herd health and nutrition, and dry Cows should have a body score from 3.5-4.0.

• A calf starter should be 16-18 % crude protein.

• Which reproductive condition results when the fetal membranes remain within the uterus for an extended period following parturition is Retained placenta.

• udder is where found an alveolus in a cow, .

• The term for a farm's unique identification number is Premises I.D.

• cryoscope - the water machine is used to assess the milk, to check there is no water added.

• Feed represents the largest daily input cost in producing milk.

• reproductive failure is the most common reason for culling U.S. dairy herds now.

• After a bulk tank is washed and rinsed, beading of water droplets is a sign of fat residue.

• Oxytocin is the hormones caused Uterine contractions to assist in parturition.

• the part of the digestive system that is responsible for absorbing in the Digestive tract is Large intestines.

• The "true" stomach is the Abomasum that the portion of the ruminant digestive system.

• Biotin - it's the Vitamin B chemical component

• How long can a gestation be after: 60 days

• Texas Daries normally use the Texas commission on environmental quality.

• By formulating a ration of amino acids in it we can reduced Nitrogen the topline of a cow is: Loin and chine

• NFDM: nonfat dry milk stand for.

• Which one of the largest dairy milk marketing cooperative in the US? Dairy farmer of america.

• The usda aipp: Animal improvement program.

• NPN: Non protein nitrogen.

• 12 - 14 WEEKS a Cow will have a peak dry intake after freshening.

• How can letdown be stimulated in a dairy cow: feeding cow.

• American accounts were there for 88%

• How highly produce holstens: 45 - 54%

• What is the cronysom stands for: Intergraded.

• dairy cows is mastis: 12 - 1 months old

• How to stand?

• VDD Bovine viral dissa.

• best time to feed? 2 weeks

• what cause disease that come to cattle:

• USHAA Stand for: US animal stand

• what ration conatin greatest energy:

. Brucellosis - is Bangor

• Nose pierce: restraint
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• Which one of the following is NOT classified as a water soluble-vitamin?

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• 28-28 days is the the right amount to get birth.

• What disease transmission occurs what it's? Vib

• Which heat cycle is a: 90

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Interesting facts about dairy science. Includes information about milk production, cow breeds, anatomy, and waste management. Covers topics such as blood flow in udders, milk fat content, milking equipment sanitation, and the ruminant digestive system.