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The d-block elements are also widely called the ______ metals.
transition
D-block elements are known for their extensive range of ______ numbers.
oxidation
Construction metals include ______ and copper.
iron
Titanium is used in ______ technologies.
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Precious metals include silver, platinum, and ______.
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Pharmaceuticals involve elements like V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Au, Tc, Pt and ______.
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Ferrous fumarate and zinc sulfate are examples of ______ preparations.
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The elemental composition in tablets is expressed as a percentage of the ______ daily intake of the element.
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K3C6H5O7 represents a compound known as ______ citrate.
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Members of the d-block have electron configurations where the ______ orbitals are being occupied.
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In d-block atoms, the d-electrons are bound more strongly than the valence ______ electrons.
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When iron (Fe) loses electrons to form a cation, it first loses the ______ electrons.
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All d-block elements are ______.
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Gold (Au) is known as the best electrical ______.
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There are ______ elements in each row of the d-block.
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70% of d-block elements have a wide range of oxidation ______.
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Mercury (Hg) is unique as it is ______ at room temperature.
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The atomic radius decreases from ______ to Ni due to increasing nuclear charge.
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25Mn can have an oxidation state of ______, making it a good oxidizing agent.
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Elements at the ends of each row in the d-block usually have only one oxidation ______.
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The atomic radii of elements in the third row are about the same as those in the second row due to __________ contraction.
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1 pm (picometer) is equal to __________ m.
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The first row of d-block elements includes Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and __________.
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Period 6 atomic radii are comparable to those of elements in Period __________.
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Period 6 includes the elements Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, and __________.
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The density of 76Os is __________ g/cm3.
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The minimum energy required to remove an electron from an atom is known as __________ energy.
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As the nuclear charge increases from left to right, the first ionisation energies __________.
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The first ionisation energy for 21Sc is __________ kJ.mol–1.
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The first ionisation energy for 26Fe is __________ kJ.mol–1.
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Study Notes
d-Block Elements
- Consists of 30 elements in the periodic table.
- Known as transition metals.
- Characterized by the filling of d-orbitals in their electron configurations.
- Form numerous complexes and are widely used as catalysts.
- Exhibit a wide range of oxidation numbers, contributing to their diverse chemical properties.
d-Block Elements in Pharmaceuticals
- Used in multi-vitamin preparations, infant formulas, and various pharmaceutical applications.
- Examples include:
- Iron (Fe) as ferrous fumarate in multi-vitamins.
- Zinc (Zn) as zinc oxide in infant formulas and multi-vitamins.
- Copper (Cu) as copper sulfate in multi-vitamins and infant formulas.
d-Block Elements: Properties and Characteristics
- d-block elements are primarily metals with various applications:
- Construction metals: Iron (Fe) and Copper (Cu).
- Aerospace and catalysts: Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V).
- Precious metals: Silver (Ag), Platinum (Pt), Gold (Au).
- Pharmaceuticals: Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Molybdenum (Mo), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Technetium (Tc), and Platinum (Pt).
- d-block elements lose their valence s-electrons first upon ionization, followed by a varying number of d-electrons.
- For example, Iron (Fe) loses its 4s-electrons first, then can lose either one or two d-electrons to form Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions respectively.
d-Block Elements: Electronic Configuration and Trends
- Each row of the d-block contains 10 elements because of the 5 d-orbitals, each accommodating up to 2 electrons.
- Gold (Au) is the best electrical conductor among d-block elements.
- Most d-block elements are malleable, ductile, lustrous, and silver-white in color.
- They generally have high melting points and boiling points.
- Exceptions to these properties include:
- Mercury (Hg): Liquid at room temperature.
- Copper (Cu): Red-brown in color.
- Gold (Au): Yellow in color.
d-Block Elements: Oxidation Numbers
- Except for Mercury (Hg), elements at the ends of each row have only one oxidation state other than 0 (Zn, Cd).
- Scandium (Sc) has only +3 oxidation state, and Zinc (Zn) has only +2 oxidation state.
- Elements closer to the center of each row, particularly Manganese (Mn), exhibit a wider range of oxidation numbers (up to 7).
- Elements towards the left and those in the 2nd and 3rd rows are more likely to form compounds with higher oxidation numbers.
- Oxidation numbers help to understand the properties of d-block compounds.
- For example, Manganese (Mn) in MnO4- (oxidation state +7) acts as a good oxidizing agent.
d-Block Elements: Atomic Radii
- Atomic radii generally decrease from Scandium (Sc) to Nickel (Ni) due to increasing nuclear charge and poor shielding of d-electrons.
- For example, Iron (Fe) with 3d64s2 configuration has a smaller atomic radius (126 pm) than Scandium (Sc) with 3d14s2 configuration (160 pm) despite having more d-electrons.
- Elements in the third row have atomic radii comparable to those in the second row due to the lanthanide contraction.
d-Block Elements: Densities
- Elements in the third row (Period 6) have relatively high densities.
- For example, Osmium (Os) and Iridium (Ir), both in the sixth row, have densities of 22.61 g/cm3 and 22.65 g/cm3, respectively.
- This high density is attributed to their comparable atomic radii to those in the fifth row but having about twice the atomic masses.
d-Block Elements: First Ionization Energies
- First ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a mole of gaseous atoms.
- Ionization energy generally increases from left to right across the d-block elements due to increasing nuclear charge.
- For example, Scandium (Sc) has a first ionization energy of 632 kJ/mol, while Iron (Fe) has a higher value at 762 kJ/mol.
- Elements in the second and third rows exhibit a similar trend in atomic radii and ionization energies.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of d-block elements, also known as transition metals, which include 30 elements in the periodic table. This quiz covers their properties, characteristics, and various applications, especially in pharmaceuticals and construction. Test your knowledge on their significance and diverse roles in chemistry!
