C_H_tema5_parte2

What is the diameter of actin filaments?

Which protein is responsible for cross-linking actin filaments into parallel bundles?

What is the main function of actin filaments in peripheral cell processes?

Which type of actin is polymerized to form actin filaments?

What is the role of actin filaments in conjunction with myosin?

Which protein is abundant in all cells, particularly muscle cells?

Which form of cell death is characterised by the blebbing of the plasma membrane and the formation of apoptotic bodies?

Which form of cell death involves plasma membrane rupture, leakage of cytoplasmic contents, and cell vacuolisation, resembling apoptosis but inducing an inflammatory reaction similar to necrosis?

Which form of cell death is important in embryologic development, homeostasis, and involution of organs or tissues deprived of hormonal stimulation or growth factors?

Which form of cell death is a regulated form of cell death directed by signaling pathways in response to certain types of injury?

Which form of cell death involves receptor-induced cell death that occurs as a defense mechanism against neurodegenerative processes and viral infections when the cell cannot enter apoptosis?

Which form of cell death involves dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, disruption of lysosomes, and destruction of the plasma membrane with the release of cellular contents to the exterior?

Which form of cell death is induced in cells of the innate immune system, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, in the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on microbial pathogens or by cell-derived DAMPs?

What is the structure of a centrosome?

What is the structure of cilia in animal cells?

What is the function of centrosomes during mitosis?

What is the structure of the axoneme in cilia?

What is the basal body structurally similar to?

What is required for ciliary movement?

What is the function of actin filaments in cell division during mitosis?

What is the composition of microtubules?

What is a characteristic of intermediate filaments?

What is the role of microtubules in intracellular vesicular transport?

What is the structure of centrioles?

What is the function of actin filaments in cellular movement?

Actin filaments are thicker, more rigid, and longer than microtubules.

Actin filaments consist of two forms of actin: free G-actin and polymerised F-actin.

The cytoskeleton of animal cells does not play a role in maintaining cellular morphology.

The actin-bundling protein fimbrin is responsible for cross-linking actin filaments into parallel bundles, giving rise to microvilli and stereocilia.

Actin filaments do not provide structural support for the cytoplasm.

The cytoskeleton of animal cells does not contribute to intracellular transport of organelles and vesicles within the cytoplasm.

Actin filaments contribute to the contractile ring during cell division in mitosis

Intermediate filaments do not disassemble and reform, constituting permanent structural elements of the cell

Thirteen protofilaments combine to form the wall of the microtubule

Microtubules are impermanent and can be rapidly assembled and dismantled

Centrioles occur in pairs, are made up of nine microtubule triplets, and originate from another centriole

Actin, in combination with filamin and α-actinin, forms a flexible mesh in the cytoplasm

Pyroptosis is generally a primary response to infectious organisms.

Apoptosis involves dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and disruption of lysosomes.

Necrosis is a form of programmed cell death.

Necroptosis is a receptor-induced cell death that occurs as a defense mechanism against neurodegenerative processes and viral infections when the cell cannot enter apoptosis.

Apoptotic bodies contain nuclear fragments, organelles, and condensed cytosol enveloped by the plasma membrane.

Necrosis characteristically involves the blebbing of the plasma membrane.

Pyroptosis involves the release of cell contents into the extracellular cell matrix.

Centrioles duplicate during the cell cycle, with the mother centriole duplicating faster and acquiring additional appendages, becoming a new mother centriole.

The basal body is structurally similar to the centriole and supports cilia.

Ciliary movement requires ATP, tubulin, dynein, and nexin, involving an effective stroke and a slow recovery stroke.

Cell differentiation involves transformations enabling cells to carry out specific functions and occurs in interphase, with an antagonism between division and differentiation.

Cell death can be reversible under certain circumstances.

The axoneme of cilia is composed of nine peripheral microtubule doublets and two single central microtubules, with dynein arms and central pair sheath.

Actin filaments (diameter 6–8 nm) are thinner, more flexible and shorter than ______

Actin filaments consist of two forms of actin: free G-actin (globular actin) and polymerised ______ (filamentous actin)

Actin filaments form a dense network that interconnects individual ______

They act together with ______ (tropomyosin) filaments to bring about cell contraction and associated motility

Cross-linking of actin filaments into parallel bundles by the actin-bundling protein ______ gives rise to the structural core of specialised cell surface projections known as microvilli and stereocilia

Actin is an abundant protein in all cells, particularly ______ cells

Centrosomes consist of two ______ (mother and daughter) connected by an interconnecting fiber, surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM).

During the cell cycle, both centrioles duplicate, with the mother centriole duplicating faster and acquiring additional appendages, becoming a new mother ______.

Cilia are motile projections in animal cells, consisting of the axoneme, basal plate, basal body, and ______ rootlets.

The axoneme is a structure with nine peripheral microtubule doublets and two single central microtubules, with dynein arms and central pair ______.

Ciliary movement requires ATP, tubulin, dynein, and ______, involving an effective stroke and a slow recovery stroke.

Cell differentiation involves transformations enabling cells to carry out specific functions and occurs in ______, with an antagonism between division and differentiation.

Actin filaments provide structural support for the cell and are least soluble components of the cytosol

Microtubules are involved in chromosome attachment and movement during mitosis and meiosis

Intermediate filaments provide structural support for the cell and are least soluble components of the cytosol

Centrioles occur in pairs, are made up of nine microtubule triplets, and originate from another centriole

Thirteen protofilaments combine to form the wall of the microtubule

Centrioles are involved in cell division and the formation of cilia and flagella

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is important in embryologic development, homeostasis, and involution of organs or tissues deprived of hormonal stimulation or growth factors. It is also a regulated form of cell death that is directed by signaling pathways in response to certain types of injury. In apoptosis, nuclear chromatin is condensed and fragmented, but the nuclear envelope is maintained. The cytoplasmic volume decreases due to water loss and protein condensation, but most of the organoids remain intact. The second stage of the process is characterised by the blebbing of the plasma membrane, which eventually fragments and the appearance of so-called ______ bodies that contain nuclear fragments, organelles, and condensed cytosol enveloped by these membrane fragments. The plasma membrane that surrounds ______ bodies prevents the inflammation occurring with necrotic cell death but does express factors to attract phagocytes and stimulate heterophagy. Pyroptosis (Pro-inflammatory cell death) resembles apoptosis in that it is receptor-mediated, but the differences are that it involves plasma membrane rupture, leakage of cytoplasmic contents, cell vacuolisation and inflammatory reaction similar to necrosis. In fact, pyroptosis is generally a primary response to infectious organisms. Pyroptosis is induced in cells of the innate immune system, such as monocytes, marcrophages, and dendritic cells in the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on microbial pathogens or by cell-derived DAMPs. Necroptosis (Pro-inflammatory Programmed Necrosis) is a receptor-induced cell death that occurs as a defence mechanism against neurodegenerative processes and viral infections when the cell cannot enter apoptosis. Thus, necroptosis is a cell defense pathway that is activated under conditions in which apoptosis is inhibited. The similarities of necroptosis with apoptosis are receptor-mediated and that it occurs in individual cells, but morphologically it is more similar to necrosis (cell swelling, cytoplasmic rupture, outgrowth of cytoplasmic contents, induces inflammatory reaction)

Pyroptosis (Pro-inflammatory cell death) resembles apoptosis in that it is receptor-mediated, but the differences are that it involves plasma membrane rupture, leakage of cytoplasmic contents, cell vacuolisation and inflammatory reaction similar to necrosis. In fact, pyroptosis is generally a primary response to infectious organisms. Pyroptosis is induced in cells of the innate immune system, such as monocytes, marcrophages, and dendritic cells in the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on microbial pathogens or by cell-derived DAMPs. Necroptosis (Pro-inflammatory Programmed Necrosis) is a receptor-induced cell death that occurs as a defence mechanism against neurodegenerative processes and viral infections when the cell cannot enter apoptosis. Thus, necroptosis is a cell defense pathway that is activated under conditions in which apoptosis is inhibited. The similarities of necroptosis with apoptosis are receptor-mediated and that it occurs in individual cells, but morphologically it is more similar to necrosis (cell swelling, cytoplasmic rupture, outgrowth of cytoplasmic contents, induces inflammatory reaction)

Pyroptosis is induced in cells of the innate immune system, such as monocytes, marcrophages, and dendritic cells in the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on microbial pathogens or by cell-derived DAMPs. Necroptosis (Pro-inflammatory Programmed Necrosis) is a ______ cell death that occurs as a defence mechanism against neurodegenerative processes and viral infections when the cell cannot enter apoptosis. Thus, necroptosis is a cell defense pathway that is activated under conditions in which apoptosis is inhibited. The similarities of necroptosis with apoptosis are receptor-mediated and that it occurs in individual cells, but morphologically it is more similar to necrosis (cell swelling, cytoplasmic rupture, outgrowth of cytoplasmic contents, induces inflammatory reaction)

Necroptosis (Pro-inflammatory Programmed Necrosis) is a receptor-induced cell death that occurs as a ______ mechanism against neurodegenerative processes and viral infections when the cell cannot enter apoptosis. Thus, necroptosis is a cell defense pathway that is activated under conditions in which apoptosis is inhibited. The similarities of necroptosis with apoptosis are receptor-mediated and that it occurs in individual cells, but morphologically it is more similar to necrosis (cell swelling, cytoplasmic rupture, outgrowth of cytoplasmic contents, induces inflammatory reaction)

Pyroptosis is induced in cells of the innate immune system, such as monocytes, marcrophages, and dendritic cells in the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on microbial pathogens or by cell-derived DAMPs. Necroptosis (Pro-______ Programmed Necrosis) is a receptor-induced cell death that occurs as a defence mechanism against neurodegenerative processes and viral infections when the cell cannot enter apoptosis. Thus, necroptosis is a cell defense pathway that is activated under conditions in which apoptosis is inhibited. The similarities of necroptosis with apoptosis are receptor-mediated and that it occurs in individual cells, but morphologically it is more similar to necrosis (cell swelling, cytoplasmic rupture, outgrowth of cytoplasmic contents, induces ______ reaction)

Necroptosis (Pro-inflammatory Programmed Necrosis) is a receptor-induced cell death that occurs as a defence mechanism against neurodegenerative processes and viral infections when the cell cannot enter apoptosis. Thus, necroptosis is a cell defense pathway that is activated under conditions in which apoptosis is inhibited. The similarities of necroptosis with apoptosis are receptor-mediated and that it occurs in individual cells, but morphologically it is more similar to necrosis (cell swelling, cytoplasmic rupture, outgrowth of cytoplasmic contents, induces inflammatory reaction)

Pyroptosis is induced in cells of the innate immune system, such as monocytes, marcrophages, and dendritic cells in the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on microbial pathogens or by cell-derived DAMPs. Necroptosis (Pro-inflammatory Programmed Necrosis) is a receptor-induced cell death that occurs as a defence mechanism against neurodegenerative processes and viral infections when the cell cannot enter apoptosis. Thus, necroptosis is a cell defense ______ that is activated under conditions in which apoptosis is inhibited. The similarities of necroptosis with apoptosis are receptor-mediated and that it occurs in individual cells, but morphologically it is more similar to necrosis (cell swelling, cytoplasmic rupture, outgrowth of cytoplasmic contents, induces inflammatory reaction)

What is the structure and function of actin filaments in the cytoskeleton?

What are the characteristics and functions of intermediate filaments?

Describe the composition and roles of microtubules in the cell.

What are the characteristics and functions of centrioles in the cell?

Explain the structure of the microtubule and its wall formation.

What is the role of centrioles in the cell cycle and their origin?

Explain the functions of actin filaments or microfilaments in the cytoskeleton of animal cells.

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton in animal cells?

Describe the structure and composition of actin filaments in animal cells.

What is the diameter of actin filaments and how does it compare to microtubules?

Explain the role of actin filaments in cell contraction and associated motility.

What specialized cell surface projections are formed by the cross-linking of actin filaments, and how are they formed?

Explain the structure and function of centrosomes during the cell cycle.

Describe the components and functions of cilia in animal cells.

What are the different types of cell death and their characteristics?

Explain the process of cell differentiation and the antagonism between division and differentiation.

Discuss the structure and composition of actin filaments and their role in cellular processes.

Explain the characteristics and functions of intermediate filaments in animal cells.

Explain the morphological characteristics of necrosis and compare them with those of apoptosis.

Describe the similarities and differences between pyroptosis and apoptosis.

Discuss the role of necroptosis as a defense mechanism and its morphological similarities to necrosis and apoptosis.

Explain the induction of pyroptosis and its significance in the innate immune system.

What are the characteristics of necroptosis and how does it differ from apoptosis?

Compare and contrast the morphological features of necroptosis, apoptosis, and pyroptosis.

Discuss the significance of apoptosis in embryologic development, homeostasis, and response to injury.