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Questions and Answers

Who discovered and named lysosomes?

  • Rosalind Franklin
  • James Watson
  • Christian de Duve (correct)
  • Alex Novikoff

    • What is the size range of lysosomes?

  • 1 to 2 µm in diameter
  • 0.25 to 0.50 µm in diameter (correct)
  • 20 to 30 µm in diameter
  • 5 to 10 µm in diameter

    • What is the function of lysosomes?

  • Protein synthesis
  • Energy production
  • Intracellular digestion and enzymatic degradation of substances (correct)
  • Cell division

    • What did Christian de Duve initially term lysosomes?

    <p>Suicide bags or suicide sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who obtained the first electron micrographs of lysosomes?

    <p>Alex Novikoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the content of primary lysosomes?

    <p>Homogeneous electrodense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the content of secondary lysosomes?

    <p>Accumulations of electrodense granules in a moderately electrodense matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the crucial step in the discovery of lysosomes?

    <p>Detecting the enzyme activity from the microsomal fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is considered a special form of primary lysosomes?

    <p>Multivesicular bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of peroxisomes?

    <p>Involvement in fatty acid catabolism and metabolizing uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to animals lacking nucleoid in peroxisomes?

    <p>They only metabolize puric bases to uric acid and can suffer from gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming vesicles?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of endocytosis require energy expenditure and attachment to the glycocalyx?

    <p>Phagocytosis and pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are formed to digest the ingested material in the cell?

    <p>Secondary lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the resulting products of degradation dissolve after endocytosis?

    <p>In the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pinocytosis?

    <p>The ingestion of liquids by the cell, forming vesicles smaller than 250 nm and incorporating specific substances through specific receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of vesicles formed during pinocytosis?

    <p>Smaller than 250 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about lysosomes?

    <p>Lysosomal membranes possess proton pumps for maintaining a pH of 5.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process involving the capture and digestion of particles by lysosomes?

    <p>Heterophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lysosomal enzymes and membranes synthesized?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to excess secretory granules?

    <p>They can be disposed of through crinophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in autophagy?

    <p>Lysosomal digestion for the removal of cell components in the normal turnover process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH maintained by lysosomal membranes?

    <p>pH of 5.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of lysosomal digestion for the removal of cell components in the normal turnover process?

    <p>Autophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lysosomal enzymes and membranes processed before being transported to lysosomes?

    <p>Golgi complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Christian de Duve received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 for the discovery and naming of lysosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomes are responsible for the majority of cell death through apoptosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The content of primary lysosomes consists of accumulations of electrodense granules in a moderately electrodense matrix.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The size range of lysosomes is 0.25 to 0.50 µm in diameter.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomes were initially termed as 'suicide bags' or 'suicide sacs' of the cells by Christian de Duve.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomes play a minor role in cell death.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of lysosomes includes intracellular digestion and enzymatic degradation of intra- or extracellular soluble and solid substances.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alex Novikoff successfully obtained the first electron micrographs of lysosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coated vesicles containing lysosomal components fuse with late endosomes, maintaining an acidic pH

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomal membranes possess proton pumps for maintaining a pH of 5.0 and glycoproteins for protection

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomes play crucial roles in cell nutrition and defense, as well as in extracellular functions

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autophagy uses lysosomal digestion for the removal of cell components in the normal turnover process

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomal enzymes and membranes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and processed in the Golgi complex

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    De Duve and Novikoff confirmed lysosomal location using acid phosphatase staining and light and electron microscopy

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess secretory granules can be disposed of through crinophagy, and residual bodies form lipofuscin if not removed

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomal enzymes are released outside cells in specific situations, such as sperm acrosome function and bone remodeling by osteoclasts

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Late endosomes mature into primary lysosomes with enzymes and a special membrane.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multivesicular bodies are acid phosphatase positive and considered a special form of primary lysosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary lysosomes include heterophagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes, and residual bodies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes, contain oxidative enzymes, and are involved in fatty acid catabolism and metabolizing uric acid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals lacking nucleoid in peroxisomes only metabolize puric bases to uric acid and can suffer from gout.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uricotelic animals degrade puric bases to allantoin and cannot suffer from gout.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocytosis is the process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming vesicles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are types of endocytosis that require energy expenditure and attachment to the glycocalyx.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pinocytosis is the ingestion of liquids by the cell, forming vesicles smaller than 250 nm and incorporating specific substances through specific receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Christian de Duve named the organelles the 'suicide bags' or 'suicide sacs' of the cells, for their hypothesized role in ______.

    <p>apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomes are membrane-surrounded organoids 0.25 to 0.50 µm in diameter containing ______.

    <p>enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    They may have ovoid or irregular morphology and their content may be homogeneous electrodense (primary lysosomes) or consist of accumulations of electrodense granules in a moderately electrodense matrix (secondary ______).

    <p>lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alex Novikoff successfully obtained the first electron micrographs of the new ______.

    <p>organelle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This was the crucial step in the serendipitous discovery of ______.

    <p>lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Originally, De Duve had termed the organelles the 'suicide bags' or 'suicide sacs' of the cells, for their hypothesized role in ______.

    <p>apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomal membranes possess proton pumps for maintaining a pH of 5.0 and ______ for protection.

    <p>glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomes play a minor role in ______.

    <p>cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    De Duve and Novikoff ______ lysosomal location using acid phosphatase staining and light and electron microscopy

    <p>confirmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identification of (primary) lysosomes requires histochemical ______ of acid hydrolases

    <p>demonstration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomal membranes possess proton pumps for maintaining a pH of ______ and glycoproteins for protection

    <p>5.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heterophagy involves the capture and digestion of particles by lysosomes in a process called

    <p>phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autophagy uses lysosomal digestion for the removal of cell components in the normal ______ process

    <p>turnover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formation of lysosomes involves the ______ off of enzymes and membranes from the Golgi complex

    <p>budding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coated vesicles containing lysosomal components fuse with late endosomes, maintaining an ______ pH

    <p>acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomal enzymes are released outside cells in specific situations, such as sperm acrosome function and bone ______ by osteoclasts

    <p>remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Late endosomes mature into primary lysosomes with enzymes and a special ______

    <p>membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multivesicular bodies are acid phosphatase positive and considered a special form of primary ______

    <p>lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary lysosomes include heterophagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes, and ______ bodies

    <p>residual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes, contain oxidative enzymes, and are involved in fatty acid catabolism and metabolizing ______ acid

    <p>uric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals lacking nucleoid in peroxisomes only metabolize puric bases to uric acid and can suffer from ______

    <p>gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uricotelic animals degrade puric bases to allantoin and cannot suffer from ______

    <p>gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocytosis is the process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming ______

    <p>vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are types of endocytosis that require energy expenditure and attachment to the ______

    <p>glycocalyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pinocytosis is the ingestion of liquids by the cell, forming vesicles smaller than 250 nm and incorporating specific substances through specific ______

    <p>receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scientists with their contribution to the discovery and understanding of lysosomes:

    <p>Christian de Duve = Discovered and named lysosomes, and received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 Alex Novikoff = Obtained the first electron micrographs of lysosomes Sérgio Henrique Ferreira = Contributed to the understanding of lysosomal enzymes and their role in cell function Keith R. Porter = Contributed to the early understanding of lysosomal morphology and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions related to lysosomes:

    <p>Primary lysosomes = Contain homogeneous electrodense content Secondary lysosomes = Consist of accumulations of electrodense granules in a moderately electrodense matrix Multivesicular bodies = Considered a special form of primary lysosomes and are acid phosphatase positive Residual bodies = Include heterophagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes, and are involved in waste disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their correct information about lysosomes:

    <p>Function of lysosomes = Responsible for intracellular digestion and enzymatic degradation of intra- or extracellular substances Lysosomal membranes = Possess proton pumps for maintaining a pH of around $4.5$ and glycoproteins for protection Role in cell death = Play a minor role in cell death Discovery of lysosomes = Was the crucial step in the serendipitous discovery of lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct descriptions related to lysosomal processes:

    <p>Autophagy = Uses lysosomal digestion for the removal of cell components in the normal turnover process Endocytosis = The process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming vesicles Crinophagy = Involves the disposal of excess secretory granules Phagocytosis = The process involving the capture and digestion of particles by lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their corresponding facts about lysosomes:

    <p>Lysosomal membranes possess proton pumps for maintaining a pH of 5.0 and glycoproteins for protection = Lysosomal formation involves the budding off of enzymes and membranes from the Golgi complex Lysosomes play crucial roles in cell nutrition and defense, as well as in extracellular functions = Lysosomal enzymes and membranes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and processed in the Golgi complex Autophagy uses lysosomal digestion for the removal of cell components in the normal turnover process = Heterophagy involves the capture and digestion of particles by lysosomes in a process called phagocytosis Coated vesicles containing lysosomal components fuse with late endosomes, maintaining an acidic pH = Lysosomal enzymes are released outside cells in specific situations, such as sperm acrosome function and bone remodeling by osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lysosomal functions with their descriptions:

    <p>Heterophagy = Involves the capture and digestion of particles by lysosomes in a process called phagocytosis Autophagy = Uses lysosomal digestion for the removal of cell components in the normal turnover process Crinophagy = Involves disposing of excess secretory granules, which may form lipofuscin if not removed Extracellular functions = Includes lysosomal enzymes being released outside cells in specific situations, such as sperm acrosome function and bone remodeling by osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lysosomal components with their roles:

    <p>Proton pumps and glycoproteins in lysosomal membranes = Maintain a pH of 5.0 and provide protection Approximately 50 enzymes in lysosomes = Include proteases, glucosidases, lipases, and nucleases Lysosomal enzymes and membranes = Synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and processed in the Golgi complex Enzymes and membranes budding off from the Golgi complex = Part of the formation process of lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lysosomal processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Lysosomal formation = Involves the budding off of enzymes and membranes from the Golgi complex Phagocytosis = Involves the capture and digestion of particles by lysosomes Autophagy = Uses lysosomal digestion for the removal of cell components in the normal turnover process Crinophagy = Involves disposing of excess secretory granules, which may form lipofuscin if not removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their functions:

    <p>Late endosomes = Mature into primary lysosomes with enzymes and a special membrane Multivesicular bodies = Considered a special form of primary lysosomes and are acid phosphatase positive Peroxisomes = Involved in fatty acid catabolism, metabolizing uric acid, and removing toxic substances from the body Endocytosis = Process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their characteristics:

    <p>Secondary lysosomes = Include heterophagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes, and residual bodies Peroxisomes = Smaller than lysosomes, contain oxidative enzymes, abundant in the liver and kidney Animals lacking nucleoid in peroxisomes = Metabolize puric bases to uric acid and can suffer from gout Uricotelic animals = Degrade puric bases to allantoin and cannot suffer from gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of endocytosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Phagocytosis = Type of endocytosis that involves the capture and digestion of particles by lysosomes Pinocytosis = Ingestion of liquids by the cell, forming vesicles smaller than 250 nm and incorporating specific substances through specific receptors Endocytosis = Process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming vesicles Secondary lysosomes = Formed to digest the ingested material in the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the function of lysosomes in intracellular digestion and enzymatic degradation of substances.

    <p>Lysosomes are responsible for intracellular digestion and enzymatic degradation of intra- or extracellular soluble and solid substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered and named lysosomes?

    <p>Christian de Duve discovered and named lysosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the crucial step in the discovery of lysosomes?

    <p>The crucial step in the discovery of lysosomes was detecting the enzyme activity from the microsomal fraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Christian de Duve initially term lysosomes and why?

    <p>Christian de Duve initially termed lysosomes as &quot;suicide bags&quot; or &quot;suicide sacs&quot; of the cells due to their hypothesized role in apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Alex Novikoff successfully obtain related to lysosomes?

    <p>Alex Novikoff successfully obtained the first electron micrographs of lysosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of lysosomes?

    <p>Lysosomes are membrane-surrounded organoids 0.25 to 0.50 µm in diameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the content of primary lysosomes?

    <p>The content of primary lysosomes may be homogeneous electrodense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are secondary lysosomes and what do they consist of?

    <p>Secondary lysosomes include heterophagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes, and multivesicular bodies. They consist of accumulations of electrodense granules in a moderately electrodense matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the process of heterophagy and its significance in cellular function.

    <p>Heterophagy involves the capture and digestion of particles by lysosomes in a process called phagocytosis. It is significant in providing the cell with nutrients and in defending against harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the process of autophagy and its role in cellular maintenance.

    <p>Autophagy uses lysosomal digestion for the removal of cell components in the normal turnover process. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and eliminating damaged or unnecessary cellular components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formation process of lysosomes and where does it take place?

    <p>The formation of lysosomes involves the budding off of enzymes and membranes from the Golgi complex. Lysosomal enzymes and membranes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and processed in the Golgi complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of lysosomal membranes in maintaining pH and protection.

    <p>Lysosomal membranes possess proton pumps for maintaining a pH of 5.0 and glycoproteins for protection. The acidic pH is essential for the optimal function of lysosomal enzymes, while the glycoproteins provide protection to the membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the disposal of excess secretory granules and the consequences of their accumulation.

    <p>Excess secretory granules can be disposed of through crinophagy. If not removed, residual bodies form lipofuscin, which is an age-related pigment associated with cellular aging and degenerative diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of lysosomal enzymes being released outside cells in specific situations?

    <p>Lysosomal enzymes are released outside cells in specific situations, such as sperm acrosome function and bone remodeling by osteoclasts. This release plays critical roles in processes such as fertilization and tissue remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the process of coated vesicles fusion with late endosomes and its impact on lysosomal function.

    <p>Coated vesicles containing lysosomal components fuse with late endosomes, maintaining an acidic pH. This fusion is essential for the maturation of lysosomes and the activation of their enzymatic functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the role of lysosomes in cell nutrition and defense, as well as in extracellular functions.

    <p>Lysosomes play crucial roles in cell nutrition and defense by providing nutrients and defending against harmful substances. They also have extracellular functions, such as sperm acrosome function and bone remodeling by osteoclasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between primary lysosomes and secondary lysosomes in terms of their formation and function in the cell.

    <p>Primary lysosomes are formed from late endosomes by maturation and contain enzymes and a special membrane. They are involved in intracellular digestion. Secondary lysosomes, such as heterophagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes, and residual bodies, are formed to digest ingested material or cellular components. They are involved in the breakdown of substances and waste materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of peroxisomes in the cell, including their size, composition, and specific functions.

    <p>Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes and contain oxidative enzymes. They are involved in fatty acid catabolism, metabolizing uric acid, and removing toxic substances from the body. They are abundant in the liver and kidney.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the process of endocytosis and its role in substance uptake by the cell.

    <p>Endocytosis is the process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming vesicles. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are types of endocytosis that require energy expenditure and attachment to the glycocalyx. Secondary lysosomes, such as phagolysosomes and endolysosomes, are formed to digest the ingested material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are multivesicular bodies and how are they related to primary lysosomes?

    <p>Multivesicular bodies are acid phosphatase positive and considered a special form of primary lysosomes. They are involved in the formation and maturation of primary lysosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the significance of peroxisomes in animals lacking nucleoid in peroxisomes, including their metabolic capabilities and potential health implications.

    <p>Animals lacking nucleoid in peroxisomes only metabolize puric bases to uric acid and can suffer from gout. Uricotelic animals degrade puric bases to allantoin and cannot suffer from gout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pinocytosis and how does it differ from phagocytosis in terms of the substances ingested and the size of vesicles formed?

    <p>Pinocytosis is the ingestion of liquids by the cell, forming vesicles smaller than 250 nm and incorporating specific substances through specific receptors. Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of solid particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the process of substance digestion in secondary lysosomes, including the fate of resulting products.

    <p>Secondary lysosomes, such as phagolysosomes and endolysosomes, are formed to digest the ingested material. After degradation, resulting products dissolve in the cytoplasm or remain inside the vacuole as a permanent residual body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of endocytosis in the cellular uptake of large molecules, and provide examples of specific substances that can be ingested through this process.

    <p>Endocytosis is the process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming vesicles. Examples include the uptake of proteins, lipids, and other macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of peroxisomes in the liver and kidney, including their specific functions related to detoxification and metabolic processes.

    <p>Peroxisomes are abundant in the liver and kidney and are involved in removing toxic substances from the body. They contain oxidative enzymes and are involved in fatty acid catabolism and metabolizing uric acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functions and Formation of Lysosomes

    • De Duve and Novikoff confirmed lysosomal location using acid phosphatase staining and light and electron microscopy
    • Identification of (primary) lysosomes requires histochemical demonstration of acid hydrolases
    • Approximately 50 enzymes, including proteases, glucosidases, lipases, and nucleases, have been identified in lysosomes
    • Lysosomal membranes possess proton pumps for maintaining a pH of 5.0 and glycoproteins for protection
    • Lysosomes play crucial roles in cell nutrition and defense, as well as in extracellular functions
    • Heterophagy involves the capture and digestion of particles by lysosomes in a process called phagocytosis
    • Autophagy uses lysosomal digestion for the removal of cell components in the normal turnover process
    • Excess secretory granules can be disposed of through crinophagy, and residual bodies form lipofuscin if not removed
    • Lysosomal enzymes and membranes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and processed in the Golgi complex
    • The formation of lysosomes involves the budding off of enzymes and membranes from the Golgi complex
    • Coated vesicles containing lysosomal components fuse with late endosomes, maintaining an acidic pH
    • Lysosomal enzymes are released outside cells in specific situations, such as sperm acrosome function and bone remodeling by osteoclasts

    Cellular Organelles and Mechanisms of Substance Uptake and Digestion

    • Late endosomes mature into primary lysosomes with enzymes and a special membrane.
    • Multivesicular bodies are acid phosphatase positive and considered a special form of primary lysosomes.
    • Secondary lysosomes include heterophagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes, and residual bodies.
    • Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes, contain oxidative enzymes, and are involved in fatty acid catabolism and metabolizing uric acid.
    • Peroxisomes are abundant in the liver and kidney and are involved in removing toxic substances from the body.
    • Animals lacking nucleoid in peroxisomes only metabolize puric bases to uric acid and can suffer from gout.
    • Uricotelic animals degrade puric bases to allantoin and cannot suffer from gout.
    • Endocytosis is the process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming vesicles.
    • Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are types of endocytosis that require energy expenditure and attachment to the glycocalyx.
    • Secondary lysosomes, such as phagolysosomes and endolysosomes, are formed to digest the ingested material.
    • After degradation, resulting products dissolve in the cytoplasm or remain inside the vacuole as a permanent residual body.
    • Pinocytosis is the ingestion of liquids by the cell, forming vesicles smaller than 250 nm and incorporating specific substances through specific receptors.

    Cellular Organelles and Mechanisms of Substance Uptake and Digestion

    • Late endosomes mature into primary lysosomes with enzymes and a special membrane.
    • Multivesicular bodies are acid phosphatase positive and considered a special form of primary lysosomes.
    • Secondary lysosomes include heterophagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes, and residual bodies.
    • Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes, contain oxidative enzymes, and are involved in fatty acid catabolism and metabolizing uric acid.
    • Peroxisomes are abundant in the liver and kidney and are involved in removing toxic substances from the body.
    • Animals lacking nucleoid in peroxisomes only metabolize puric bases to uric acid and can suffer from gout.
    • Uricotelic animals degrade puric bases to allantoin and cannot suffer from gout.
    • Endocytosis is the process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming vesicles.
    • Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are types of endocytosis that require energy expenditure and attachment to the glycocalyx.
    • Secondary lysosomes, such as phagolysosomes and endolysosomes, are formed to digest the ingested material.
    • After degradation, resulting products dissolve in the cytoplasm or remain inside the vacuole as a permanent residual body.
    • Pinocytosis is the ingestion of liquids by the cell, forming vesicles smaller than 250 nm and incorporating specific substances through specific receptors.

    Cellular Organelles and Mechanisms of Substance Uptake and Digestion

    • Late endosomes mature into primary lysosomes with enzymes and a special membrane.
    • Multivesicular bodies are acid phosphatase positive and considered a special form of primary lysosomes.
    • Secondary lysosomes include heterophagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes, and residual bodies.
    • Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes, contain oxidative enzymes, and are involved in fatty acid catabolism and metabolizing uric acid.
    • Peroxisomes are abundant in the liver and kidney and are involved in removing toxic substances from the body.
    • Animals lacking nucleoid in peroxisomes only metabolize puric bases to uric acid and can suffer from gout.
    • Uricotelic animals degrade puric bases to allantoin and cannot suffer from gout.
    • Endocytosis is the process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming vesicles.
    • Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are types of endocytosis that require energy expenditure and attachment to the glycocalyx.
    • Secondary lysosomes, such as phagolysosomes and endolysosomes, are formed to digest the ingested material.
    • After degradation, resulting products dissolve in the cytoplasm or remain inside the vacuole as a permanent residual body.
    • Pinocytosis is the ingestion of liquids by the cell, forming vesicles smaller than 250 nm and incorporating specific substances through specific receptors.

    Cellular Organelles and Mechanisms of Substance Uptake and Digestion

    • Late endosomes mature into primary lysosomes with enzymes and a special membrane.
    • Multivesicular bodies are acid phosphatase positive and considered a special form of primary lysosomes.
    • Secondary lysosomes include heterophagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes, and residual bodies.
    • Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes, contain oxidative enzymes, and are involved in fatty acid catabolism and metabolizing uric acid.
    • Peroxisomes are abundant in the liver and kidney and are involved in removing toxic substances from the body.
    • Animals lacking nucleoid in peroxisomes only metabolize puric bases to uric acid and can suffer from gout.
    • Uricotelic animals degrade puric bases to allantoin and cannot suffer from gout.
    • Endocytosis is the process by which a cell ingests large molecules or macromolecules from the extracellular space by forming vesicles.
    • Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are types of endocytosis that require energy expenditure and attachment to the glycocalyx.
    • Secondary lysosomes, such as phagolysosomes and endolysosomes, are formed to digest the ingested material.
    • After degradation, resulting products dissolve in the cytoplasm or remain inside the vacuole as a permanent residual body.
    • Pinocytosis is the ingestion of liquids by the cell, forming vesicles smaller than 250 nm and incorporating specific substances through specific receptors.

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