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What is the primary function of cytokines?
An effective immune response is possible ONLY when interaction between _________, __________ and _____________ is possible.
An effective immune response is possible ONLY when interaction between hematopoietic, lymphoid and inflammatory cells is possible.
Cytokines are primarily composed of which of the following?
Which cells are primarily responsible for producing cytokines in the body?
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Cytokines were originally referred to by which term?
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Why was the term lymphokine initially used to describe cytokines?
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What is the current name for many cytokines that reflects their interaction with leukocytes?
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Why is “interleukin” considered an appropriate name for certain cytokines?
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They term “interleukin” specifically refers to cytokines that are ..
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How many interleukins have been identified so far?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of cytokine action?
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Cytokines exert their effects by binding to which type of molecules?
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Cytokines bind to their ______ on target cells, thus initiate activating or suppressing signals.
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Low concentrations of cytokines isn’t enough to initiate cytokine signaling between cells
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What type of action is it when cytokines affect nearby cells?
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Cytokine signaling is characterized by which of the following?
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What term describes when cytokines have multiple effects on different cell types?
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Which action occurs when one cytokine inhibits the effects of another?
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The term “cascade action” in cytokine signaling refers to what?
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Which cytokine signaling action enhances the effects of two cytokines more than their individual sum?
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(Chemotaxis/Chemokines) are another group of molecules important in communication of leukocytes
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(Chemotaxis/Chemokine) is a phenomenon in which cells move from an area of _____ chemical signal to an area of ____ chemical signal
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No receptor for cytokine means no cytokine function
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Which receptor form has the highest affinity for IL-2?
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Match to the correct description of each molecule and their differences
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Which factor is secreted in response to discrete stimuli?
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Cytokines differ from hormones because they are produced by which of the following?
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What is a key difference between cytokines and hormones in terms of range of action?
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Which factor is expressed constitutively rather than in response to stimuli?
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Which cytokine family is responsible for regulating inflammation?
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Cytokines play a significant role in which of the following processes?
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Which of the following IS a biological function of cytokines?
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Cytokines influence the intensity and duration of which type of response?
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Interferons, a class of cytokines, are most well known for their role in which response?
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Which group of cytokine primarily regulates leukocyte migration?
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Chemokines control leukocyte movement through which process?
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Which of the following cytokines is secreted by macrophages?
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List the different cytokines that are secreted by macrophages.
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What four groups of proteins do cytokines belong to?
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Match the receptor family to their ligand(s)
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Match the cytokine to its appropriate target and effects
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IFN beta is secreted by macrophages and IFN alpha is secreted by fibroblasts and they both induce an antiviral state in most nucleated cells
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Match the cytokine to its target and the effects on that target cell
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Cytokine receptors are primarily composed of which of the following?
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What is the role of the FIRST subunit in a cytokine receptor?
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What is the main function of the SECOND subunit in a cytokine receptor?
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Some class 1 cytokine receptors form subfamilies. What is a key characteristic of these subfamilies?
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How do cytokine receptors generally exert their effects after binding cytokines?
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Cytokine receptor subunits are essential because at least one is required for cytokine binding. What is the second subunits role?
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How many chains does the IL-2 receptor have?
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What are the three chains of the IL-2 receptor?
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IL-2R is found in three different FORMS of different affinities to IL-2. What are these 3 forms?
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Chemokines are produced in ________, ______ or other tissues
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Chemokines that participate in inflammatory processes are induced by _______
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Chemokines are classified based on the arrangement of which type of conserved amino acids?
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How many conserved cysteines are typically present in the structure of Chemokines?
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In C Chemokines, how are the first two conserved cysteines arranges?
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What structural feature distinguishes CC Chemokines from other types?
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What distinguishes CXC chemokines from CC chemokines?
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Which structural feature defines CX3C chemokines?
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Apart from their role in inflammation, chemokines are also involved in which physiological processes?
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What does the 'CR' in the name of a chemokine receptor indicate?
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What does 'CCR' stand for in chemokine receptor terminology?
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Which chemokine receptor subtype is denoted by 'CXCR'?
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Study Notes
Chemokine Classification
- CXC chemokines have one amino acid (X) between the first and second cysteine residues.
- CC chemokines have no amino acids separating the first two cysteine residues.
- CX3C chemokines have three amino acids separating the first two conserved cysteine residues.
Chemokine Functions
- Chemokines play a crucial role in inflammation and are also involved in the development of brain and heart tissue.
Chemokine Receptor Nomenclature
- CR stands for a receptor for C chemokines.
- CCR stands for CC Chemokine Receptor.
- CXCR stands for CXC Chemokine Receptor.
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Know the role of cytokines