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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of cytokines?
What is the primary function of cytokines?
- To promote digestion
- To mediate cell-cell communication (correct)
- To regulate blood pressure
- To store energy
An effective immune response is possible ONLY when interaction between _________, __________ and _____________ is possible.
An effective immune response is possible ONLY when interaction between _________, __________ and _____________ is possible.
An effective immune response is possible ONLY when interaction between hematopoietic, lymphoid and inflammatory cells is possible.
Cytokines are primarily composed of which of the following?
Cytokines are primarily composed of which of the following?
- High molecular weight carbohydrates
- Low molecular weight proteins or glycoproteins (correct)
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids
Which cells are primarily responsible for producing cytokines in the body?
Which cells are primarily responsible for producing cytokines in the body?
Cytokines were originally referred to by which term?
Cytokines were originally referred to by which term?
Why was the term lymphokine initially used to describe cytokines?
Why was the term lymphokine initially used to describe cytokines?
What is the current name for many cytokines that reflects their interaction with leukocytes?
What is the current name for many cytokines that reflects their interaction with leukocytes?
Why is “interleukin” considered an appropriate name for certain cytokines?
Why is “interleukin” considered an appropriate name for certain cytokines?
They term “interleukin” specifically refers to cytokines that are ..
They term “interleukin” specifically refers to cytokines that are ..
How many interleukins have been identified so far?
How many interleukins have been identified so far?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cytokine action?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cytokine action?
Cytokines exert their effects by binding to which type of molecules?
Cytokines exert their effects by binding to which type of molecules?
Cytokines bind to their ______ on target cells, thus initiate activating or suppressing signals.
Cytokines bind to their ______ on target cells, thus initiate activating or suppressing signals.
Low concentrations of cytokines isn’t enough to initiate cytokine signaling between cells
Low concentrations of cytokines isn’t enough to initiate cytokine signaling between cells
What type of action is it when cytokines affect nearby cells?
What type of action is it when cytokines affect nearby cells?
Cytokine signaling is characterized by which of the following?
Cytokine signaling is characterized by which of the following?
What term describes when cytokines have multiple effects on different cell types?
What term describes when cytokines have multiple effects on different cell types?
Which action occurs when one cytokine inhibits the effects of another?
Which action occurs when one cytokine inhibits the effects of another?
The term “cascade action” in cytokine signaling refers to what?
The term “cascade action” in cytokine signaling refers to what?
Which cytokine signaling action enhances the effects of two cytokines more than their individual sum?
Which cytokine signaling action enhances the effects of two cytokines more than their individual sum?
(Chemotaxis/Chemokines) are another group of molecules important in communication of leukocytes
(Chemotaxis/Chemokines) are another group of molecules important in communication of leukocytes
(Chemotaxis/Chemokine) is a phenomenon in which cells move from an area of _____ chemical signal to an area of ____ chemical signal
(Chemotaxis/Chemokine) is a phenomenon in which cells move from an area of _____ chemical signal to an area of ____ chemical signal
No receptor for cytokine means no cytokine function
No receptor for cytokine means no cytokine function
Which receptor form has the highest affinity for IL-2?
Which receptor form has the highest affinity for IL-2?
Match to the correct description of each molecule and their differences
Match to the correct description of each molecule and their differences
Which factor is secreted in response to discrete stimuli?
Which factor is secreted in response to discrete stimuli?
Cytokines differ from hormones because they are produced by which of the following?
Cytokines differ from hormones because they are produced by which of the following?
What is a key difference between cytokines and hormones in terms of range of action?
What is a key difference between cytokines and hormones in terms of range of action?
Which factor is expressed constitutively rather than in response to stimuli?
Which factor is expressed constitutively rather than in response to stimuli?
Which cytokine family is responsible for regulating inflammation?
Which cytokine family is responsible for regulating inflammation?
Cytokines play a significant role in which of the following processes?
Cytokines play a significant role in which of the following processes?
Which of the following IS a biological function of cytokines?
Which of the following IS a biological function of cytokines?
Cytokines influence the intensity and duration of which type of response?
Cytokines influence the intensity and duration of which type of response?
Interferons, a class of cytokines, are most well known for their role in which response?
Interferons, a class of cytokines, are most well known for their role in which response?
Which group of cytokine primarily regulates leukocyte migration?
Which group of cytokine primarily regulates leukocyte migration?
Chemokines control leukocyte movement through which process?
Chemokines control leukocyte movement through which process?
Which of the following cytokines is secreted by macrophages?
Which of the following cytokines is secreted by macrophages?
List the different cytokines that are secreted by macrophages.
List the different cytokines that are secreted by macrophages.
What four groups of proteins do cytokines belong to?
What four groups of proteins do cytokines belong to?
Match the receptor family to their ligand(s)
Match the receptor family to their ligand(s)
Match the cytokine to its appropriate target and effects
Match the cytokine to its appropriate target and effects
IFN beta is secreted by macrophages and IFN alpha is secreted by fibroblasts and they both induce an antiviral state in most nucleated cells
IFN beta is secreted by macrophages and IFN alpha is secreted by fibroblasts and they both induce an antiviral state in most nucleated cells
Match the cytokine to its target and the effects on that target cell
Match the cytokine to its target and the effects on that target cell
Cytokine receptors are primarily composed of which of the following?
Cytokine receptors are primarily composed of which of the following?
What is the role of the FIRST subunit in a cytokine receptor?
What is the role of the FIRST subunit in a cytokine receptor?
What is the main function of the SECOND subunit in a cytokine receptor?
What is the main function of the SECOND subunit in a cytokine receptor?
Some class 1 cytokine receptors form subfamilies. What is a key characteristic of these subfamilies?
Some class 1 cytokine receptors form subfamilies. What is a key characteristic of these subfamilies?
How do cytokine receptors generally exert their effects after binding cytokines?
How do cytokine receptors generally exert their effects after binding cytokines?
Cytokine receptor subunits are essential because at least one is required for cytokine binding. What is the second subunits role?
Cytokine receptor subunits are essential because at least one is required for cytokine binding. What is the second subunits role?
How many chains does the IL-2 receptor have?
How many chains does the IL-2 receptor have?
What are the three chains of the IL-2 receptor?
What are the three chains of the IL-2 receptor?
IL-2R is found in three different FORMS of different affinities to IL-2. What are these 3 forms?
IL-2R is found in three different FORMS of different affinities to IL-2. What are these 3 forms?
Chemokines are produced in ________, ______ or other tissues
Chemokines are produced in ________, ______ or other tissues
Chemokines that participate in inflammatory processes are induced by _______
Chemokines that participate in inflammatory processes are induced by _______
Chemokines are classified based on the arrangement of which type of conserved amino acids?
Chemokines are classified based on the arrangement of which type of conserved amino acids?
How many conserved cysteines are typically present in the structure of Chemokines?
How many conserved cysteines are typically present in the structure of Chemokines?
In C Chemokines, how are the first two conserved cysteines arranges?
In C Chemokines, how are the first two conserved cysteines arranges?
What structural feature distinguishes CC Chemokines from other types?
What structural feature distinguishes CC Chemokines from other types?
What distinguishes CXC chemokines from CC chemokines?
What distinguishes CXC chemokines from CC chemokines?
Which structural feature defines CX3C chemokines?
Which structural feature defines CX3C chemokines?
Apart from their role in inflammation, chemokines are also involved in which physiological processes?
Apart from their role in inflammation, chemokines are also involved in which physiological processes?
What does the 'CR' in the name of a chemokine receptor indicate?
What does the 'CR' in the name of a chemokine receptor indicate?
What does 'CCR' stand for in chemokine receptor terminology?
What does 'CCR' stand for in chemokine receptor terminology?
Which chemokine receptor subtype is denoted by 'CXCR'?
Which chemokine receptor subtype is denoted by 'CXCR'?
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Study Notes
Chemokine Classification
- CXC chemokines have one amino acid (X) between the first and second cysteine residues.
- CC chemokines have no amino acids separating the first two cysteine residues.
- CX3C chemokines have three amino acids separating the first two conserved cysteine residues.
Chemokine Functions
- Chemokines play a crucial role in inflammation and are also involved in the development of brain and heart tissue.
Chemokine Receptor Nomenclature
- CR stands for a receptor for C chemokines.
- CCR stands for CC Chemokine Receptor.
- CXCR stands for CXC Chemokine Receptor.
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