Cytokines
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of cytokines?

  • To promote digestion
  • To mediate cell-cell communication (correct)
  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To store energy

    • An effective immune response is possible ONLY when interaction between _________, __________ and _____________ is possible.

    An effective immune response is possible ONLY when interaction between hematopoietic, lymphoid and inflammatory cells is possible.

    Cytokines are primarily composed of which of the following?

  • High molecular weight carbohydrates
  • Low molecular weight proteins or glycoproteins (correct)
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids

    • Which cells are primarily responsible for producing cytokines in the body?

    <p>Lymphocytes and other cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines were originally referred to by which term?

    <p>Lymphokines or monokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the term lymphokine initially used to describe cytokines?

    <p>Because they’re produced exclusively by lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current name for many cytokines that reflects their interaction with leukocytes?

    <p>Interleukins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is “interleukin” considered an appropriate name for certain cytokines?

    <p>Because they mediate communication between different types of leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    They term “interleukin” specifically refers to cytokines that are ..

    <p>Produced by leukocytes and act on leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many interleukins have been identified so far?

    <p>40 and still growing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cytokine action?

    <p>Antigen-nonspecific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines exert their effects by binding to which type of molecules?

    <p>Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines bind to their ______ on target cells, thus initiate activating or suppressing signals.

    <p>Cytokines bind to their receptors on target cells, thus initiate activating or suppressing signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low concentrations of cytokines isn’t enough to initiate cytokine signaling between cells

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of action is it when cytokines affect nearby cells?

    <p>Paracrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokine signaling is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Low concentration initiating responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes when cytokines have multiple effects on different cell types?

    <p>Pleiotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action occurs when one cytokine inhibits the effects of another?

    <p>Antagonistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term “cascade action” in cytokine signaling refers to what?

    <p>Activation of multiple cytokines sequentially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine signaling action enhances the effects of two cytokines more than their individual sum?

    <p>Synergistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    (Chemotaxis/Chemokines) are another group of molecules important in communication of leukocytes

    <p>Chemokines are another group of molecules important in communication of leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    (Chemotaxis/Chemokine) is a phenomenon in which cells move from an area of _____ chemical signal to an area of ____ chemical signal

    <p>Chemotaxis is a phenomenon in which cells move from an area of low chemical signal to an area of high chemical signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    No receptor for cytokine means no cytokine function

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor form has the highest affinity for IL-2?

    <p>Trimeric IL-2R alpha/beta/gamma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match to the correct description of each molecule and their differences

    <p>Growth factors = Are expressed constitutively Hormones = Produced by specialized glands and act on long range endocrine manner Cytokines = Produced by many different cells, Short lived, act in endocrine, paracrine or Autocrine manner Hormones and cytokines = Expressed in response to discrete stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is secreted in response to discrete stimuli?

    <p>Cytokines and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines differ from hormones because they are produced by which of the following?

    <p>A variety of cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between cytokines and hormones in terms of range of action?

    <p>Hormones act over long distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is expressed constitutively rather than in response to stimuli?

    <p>Growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine family is responsible for regulating inflammation?

    <p>Tumor Necrosis factor (TNF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines play a significant role in which of the following processes?

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following IS a biological function of cytokines?

    <p>Inducing inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines influence the intensity and duration of which type of response?

    <p>Immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interferons, a class of cytokines, are most well known for their role in which response?

    <p>Antiviral responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of cytokine primarily regulates leukocyte migration?

    <p>Chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemokines control leukocyte movement through which process?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is secreted by macrophages?

    <p>Interferon alpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the different cytokines that are secreted by macrophages.

    <p>IL-1, TNF alpha, IL-12, IL-6, IFN alpha, TGF beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What four groups of proteins do cytokines belong to?

    <p>Hematopoeitins, interferons, Chemokines and Tumor necrosis family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the receptor family to their ligand(s)

    <p>Interferon (AKA class II cytokine receptors) = IFN alpha, IFN beta, IFN gamma, IL-10 TNF receptors = TNF alpha, TNF beta Immunoglobulin superfamily receptors = IL-1, IL-18, M-CSF, C-KIT Hematopoeitin (AKA class 1 cytokine receptor) = IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13 and more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cytokine to its appropriate target and effects

    <p>IFN-beta = Induces antiviral state in most nucleated cells, increase MHC 1 expression IL-6 = Induces acute phase proteins in liver, influences adaptive immunity TNF alpha = Vasculature, induce acute phase proteins, neutrophil activation IL-12 = NK cells, influences adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IFN beta is secreted by macrophages and IFN alpha is secreted by fibroblasts and they both induce an antiviral state in most nucleated cells

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cytokine to its target and the effects on that target cell

    <p>IL-2 = T cell proliferation, NK cell activation and proliferation, B cell proliferation IL-4 = Promotes Th2 differentiation , isotope switch to IgE IL-5 = Eosinophil activation and generation TGF beta = Inhibits T cell proliferation and effects functions, inhibits B cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokine receptors are primarily composed of which of the following?

    <p>Few subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the FIRST subunit in a cytokine receptor?

    <p>To bind cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the SECOND subunit in a cytokine receptor?

    <p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some class 1 cytokine receptors form subfamilies. What is a key characteristic of these subfamilies?

    <p>They share an identical signaling subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cytokine receptors generally exert their effects after binding cytokines?

    <p>By initiating a signaling cascade inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokine receptor subunits are essential because at least one is required for cytokine binding. What is the second subunits role?

    <p>To facilitate signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chains does the IL-2 receptor have?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three chains of the IL-2 receptor?

    <p>It is the alpha, beta and gamma chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IL-2R is found in three different FORMS of different affinities to IL-2. What are these 3 forms?

    <p>The three forms are the monomeric IL-2Ralpha, Dimeric IL-2R beta/gamma and Trimeric IL-2alpha/beta/gamma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemokines are produced in ________, ______ or other tissues

    <p>Chemokines are produced in peripheral lymphoid tissue cells, bone marrow, or other tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemokines that participate in inflammatory processes are induced by _______

    <p>Chemokines that participate in inflammatory processes are induced by TNF alpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemokines are classified based on the arrangement of which type of conserved amino acids?

    <p>Cysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many conserved cysteines are typically present in the structure of Chemokines?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In C Chemokines, how are the first two conserved cysteines arranges?

    <p>They are bound by disulfide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature distinguishes CC Chemokines from other types?

    <p>The first two cysteines are positioned one after another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes CXC chemokines from CC chemokines?

    <p>CXC chemokines have an amino acid (X) between the first and second cysteines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural feature defines CX3C chemokines?

    <p>Three amino acids separate the first two conserved cysteines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apart from their role in inflammation, chemokines are also involved in which physiological processes?

    <p>Development of brain and heart tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'CR' in the name of a chemokine receptor indicate?

    <p>A receptor for C chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'CCR' stand for in chemokine receptor terminology?

    <p>CC Chemokine Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemokine receptor subtype is denoted by 'CXCR'?

    <p>CXC Chemokine Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemokine Classification

    • CXC chemokines have one amino acid (X) between the first and second cysteine residues.
    • CC chemokines have no amino acids separating the first two cysteine residues.
    • CX3C chemokines have three amino acids separating the first two conserved cysteine residues.

    Chemokine Functions

    • Chemokines play a crucial role in inflammation and are also involved in the development of brain and heart tissue.

    Chemokine Receptor Nomenclature

    • CR stands for a receptor for C chemokines.
    • CCR stands for CC Chemokine Receptor.
    • CXCR stands for CXC Chemokine Receptor.

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