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Questions and Answers
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for the survival and proliferation of T cells?
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for the survival and proliferation of T cells?
Which cells are primarily affected by TNF-b according to the roles of Th1 cells?
Which cells are primarily affected by TNF-b according to the roles of Th1 cells?
What is the biological effect of IL-5 on B cells?
What is the biological effect of IL-5 on B cells?
What is a primary criterion for diagnosing an allergic disease?
What is a primary criterion for diagnosing an allergic disease?
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What is the structure of receptors in the Type II Cytokine Receptor Family?
What is the structure of receptors in the Type II Cytokine Receptor Family?
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Which of the following cytokines is involved in TH2 differentiation?
Which of the following cytokines is involved in TH2 differentiation?
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Which of the following laboratory tests specifically measure IgE antibodies related to allergies?
Which of the following laboratory tests specifically measure IgE antibodies related to allergies?
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Which statement accurately describes the intracellular domain of the TNF Receptor Family?
Which statement accurately describes the intracellular domain of the TNF Receptor Family?
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How does in vitro testing for specific IgE compare to skin testing?
How does in vitro testing for specific IgE compare to skin testing?
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What is a characteristic feature of the dimeric or trimeric receptors in the Type I cytokine receptor family?
What is a characteristic feature of the dimeric or trimeric receptors in the Type I cytokine receptor family?
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Which statement correctly differentiates between tryptase and histamine?
Which statement correctly differentiates between tryptase and histamine?
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Which cytokine plays a role in the inhibition of macrophage activation according to the roles of Th2 cells?
Which cytokine plays a role in the inhibition of macrophage activation according to the roles of Th2 cells?
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What characterizes the extracellular domain of G-Protein Coupled Receptors?
What characterizes the extracellular domain of G-Protein Coupled Receptors?
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Which response does INF-g NOT mediate?
Which response does INF-g NOT mediate?
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What role does the food challenge play in allergic disease diagnosis?
What role does the food challenge play in allergic disease diagnosis?
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Which type of hypersensitivity is primarily dependent on IgE and mast cells?
Which type of hypersensitivity is primarily dependent on IgE and mast cells?
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Which of the following classes of allergens includes substances commonly found in the environment?
Which of the following classes of allergens includes substances commonly found in the environment?
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What is the primary function of the immunoglobulin-like receptor family?
What is the primary function of the immunoglobulin-like receptor family?
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In the context of immune responses, what distinguishes a hypersensitivity reaction from a normal immune reaction?
In the context of immune responses, what distinguishes a hypersensitivity reaction from a normal immune reaction?
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What are the immune mediators primarily involved in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What are the immune mediators primarily involved in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is the primary clinical application of total IgE testing?
What is the primary clinical application of total IgE testing?
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Which of the following pathways does NOT get initiated by the binding of the TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs)?
Which of the following pathways does NOT get initiated by the binding of the TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs)?
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What is a significant limitation of using total IgE levels in allergy diagnosis?
What is a significant limitation of using total IgE levels in allergy diagnosis?
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What defines the transmembrane domain structure of the Type II Cytokine Receptor Family?
What defines the transmembrane domain structure of the Type II Cytokine Receptor Family?
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What is the primary characteristic of XLA (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)?
What is the primary characteristic of XLA (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)?
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Which type of primary immunodeficiency (PID) has the highest prevalence?
Which type of primary immunodeficiency (PID) has the highest prevalence?
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What role does laboratory testing play in the management of primary immunodeficiencies?
What role does laboratory testing play in the management of primary immunodeficiencies?
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How is Selective IgA Deficiency characterized?
How is Selective IgA Deficiency characterized?
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Which of the following is a potential cause of secondary immunodeficiencies?
Which of the following is a potential cause of secondary immunodeficiencies?
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Which PID is known for its broad and heterogeneous clinical presentation in adults?
Which PID is known for its broad and heterogeneous clinical presentation in adults?
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What is a major contributing factor to the occurrence of inhibitory anti-IgA antibodies in Selective IgA Deficiency?
What is a major contributing factor to the occurrence of inhibitory anti-IgA antibodies in Selective IgA Deficiency?
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In the classification of primary immunodeficiencies, which defect accounts for only 5% of cases?
In the classification of primary immunodeficiencies, which defect accounts for only 5% of cases?
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Which IgG subclass deficiency is most commonly associated with impaired polysaccharide responsiveness?
Which IgG subclass deficiency is most commonly associated with impaired polysaccharide responsiveness?
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What is the primary characteristic of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome?
What is the primary characteristic of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome?
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In DiGeorge Syndrome, which of the following conditions is NOT part of the classic presentation?
In DiGeorge Syndrome, which of the following conditions is NOT part of the classic presentation?
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What condition is characterized by selective IgM deficiency alongside normal B cell functionality?
What condition is characterized by selective IgM deficiency alongside normal B cell functionality?
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Which group of individuals is most commonly affected by IgG3 subclass deficiency?
Which group of individuals is most commonly affected by IgG3 subclass deficiency?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with defective T-cell responses to Candida antigen?
Which of the following diseases is associated with defective T-cell responses to Candida antigen?
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Which feature is NOT typically associated with Ataxia-Telangiectasia?
Which feature is NOT typically associated with Ataxia-Telangiectasia?
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What is a common outcome of IgG subclass deficiency in individuals?
What is a common outcome of IgG subclass deficiency in individuals?
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What is the primary cause of edema in Hereditary Angioedema?
What is the primary cause of edema in Hereditary Angioedema?
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Which testing method is used to diagnose Chronic Granulomatous Disease?
Which testing method is used to diagnose Chronic Granulomatous Disease?
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In Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, which of the following signs is most commonly associated with the disease?
In Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, which of the following signs is most commonly associated with the disease?
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Which gene mutation is commonly associated with Hyper-IgE Syndrome?
Which gene mutation is commonly associated with Hyper-IgE Syndrome?
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What is a key laboratory finding in the diagnosis of DiGeorge syndrome?
What is a key laboratory finding in the diagnosis of DiGeorge syndrome?
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What hormonal level is significantly elevated in patients with Hyper-IgE Syndrome?
What hormonal level is significantly elevated in patients with Hyper-IgE Syndrome?
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What does the Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) Reduction Test assess in Chronic Granulomatous Disease?
What does the Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) Reduction Test assess in Chronic Granulomatous Disease?
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In terms of genetic testing, which gene mutation is most frequently implicated in Chronic Granulomatous Disease?
In terms of genetic testing, which gene mutation is most frequently implicated in Chronic Granulomatous Disease?
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Study Notes
Cytokine Definitions and Characteristics
- Cytokines are soluble polypeptides produced by cells in response to infection or antigens.
- They are crucial for cell-cell communication within the immune system.
- Cytokine expression is tightly regulated.
- Cytokines can act locally (autocrine, paracrine) or systemically (endocrine).
- Cytokines can be pleiotropic (affect multiple cells with various functions) or redundant (multiple cytokines with similar functions).
- Cytokine actions can be synergistic (combined effect greater than individual effects) or antagonistic (opposite effects).
- Cytokines are not pre-formed and are rapidly secreted after being produced.
- Cytokines have short half-lives.
- Their ultimate effect is the transcription and translation of new proteins.
Cytokine Classes and Functions
- Interleukins (ILs): Communicate between white blood cells (WBCs)
- Interferons (IFNs): Broad pro-inflammatory cytokines
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF): Mediates immune response to bacteria
- Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs): Mediate survival and differentiation of immune precursor cells
- Transforming growth factors (TGFs): Inhibit proliferation and activation of WBCs
- Chemokines: Regulate WBC migration
Cytokine Functions (Specific examples)
-
Th1 cytokines:
- IL-2: Proliferation and survival of T cells and NK cells, proliferation of B cells
- IFN-γ: Differentiation to TH1 class, isotype-switching to IgG, recruitment and activation of phagocytosis
- TNF-β: Recruitment and activation of neutrophils
Cytokine and Chemokine Receptor Families
-
Immunoglobulin-like receptor family (IL-1, IL-18):
- Extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain
- Single-pass transmembrane domain
- Intracellular domain with a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) motif
-
Type I cytokine receptor family (IL-2, IL-5):
- Dimeric or trimeric receptors with cytokine-binding and signaling subunits
- Extracellular domain with conserved cysteine residue pairs
- Transmembrane domain similar to immunoglobulin-like receptors
- Intracellular domain
-
Type II cytokine receptor family (IFN-α, IL-10):
- Dimeric receptors with cytokine-binding and signaling subunits
- Similar extracellular and transmembrane domains, composed of hydrophobic residues
Cytokines Important to Innate Immunity, Adaptive Immunity, and Hematopoiesis
a) Innate immunity: -Major cell source: macrophages -Primary function: mediate inflammation. -Cellular target and biological effects:
b) Adaptive immunity: -Major cell source: T cells -Primary function: regulate lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation and activate effector cells. -Cellular target and biological effects:
c) Hematopoiesis: -Major cell source: BM stromal cells, fibroblasts, etc. -Primary function: promote development of mature leukocytes from myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. -Cellular target and biological effects:
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Description
This quiz explores the definitions, characteristics, and classes of cytokines, vital components of the immune system. You will learn about their roles, regulation, and the distinctions between different cytokine types such as interleukins and interferons.
