Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the 3 parts of the CVS system?
What are the 3 parts of the CVS system?
Heart (pump), vessels (pipes), blood (volume)
What are the 3 types of shock for each part of the system?
What are the 3 types of shock for each part of the system?
Heart = cariogenic shock, Vessels = distributive shock (anaphylactic and neurogenic), Blood = hypovolemic shock
What happens during S1 sound?
What happens during S1 sound?
Systole (full ventricles contract) and closing of AV valves
What happens during S2 sound?
What happens during S2 sound?
Why would you hear S3? What does it sound like?
Why would you hear S3? What does it sound like?
Why would you hear S4? What does it sound like?
Why would you hear S4? What does it sound like?
What ventricle has the highest pressure?
What ventricle has the highest pressure?
Which valves are damaged the most?
Which valves are damaged the most?
What is regurgitation?
What is regurgitation?
What happens during systole?
What happens during systole?
What happens during diastole?
What happens during diastole?
What changes CO demand?
What changes CO demand?
What contributes to CO supply?
What contributes to CO supply?
How much blood is ejected each min in a healthy person?
How much blood is ejected each min in a healthy person?
If SV decreases, what must the heart do to maintain CO?
If SV decreases, what must the heart do to maintain CO?
If HR decreases, what must the SV do to maintain CO?
If HR decreases, what must the SV do to maintain CO?
What is end diastolic volume (EDV)?
What is end diastolic volume (EDV)?
What is end systolic volume (ESV)?
What is end systolic volume (ESV)?
How do you calculate stroke volume (SV)?
How do you calculate stroke volume (SV)?
What is ejection fraction (EF)?
What is ejection fraction (EF)?
What is a normal ejection fraction range?
What is a normal ejection fraction range?
Where is the point of maximal impulse?
Where is the point of maximal impulse?
What is pulse deficit?
What is pulse deficit?
What causes a murmur?
What causes a murmur?
What does a systolic murmur sound like and what causes it?
What does a systolic murmur sound like and what causes it?
What does a diastolic murmur sound like and what causes it?
What does a diastolic murmur sound like and what causes it?
What causes a click and what do they sound like?
What causes a click and what do they sound like?
What causes pericardial rub?
What causes pericardial rub?
Why is an abdominal assessment necessary for cardiac system assessment?
Why is an abdominal assessment necessary for cardiac system assessment?
What is the strength grading for pulses?
What is the strength grading for pulses?
What is the edema grading scale?
What is the edema grading scale?
What does peripheral edema indicate?
What does peripheral edema indicate?
How do you know if edema is caused by cardiac problems?
How do you know if edema is caused by cardiac problems?
Why would you check CSWM?
Why would you check CSWM?
What is the purpose of a valve in the venous system?
What is the purpose of a valve in the venous system?
What happens when venous valves do not close?
What happens when venous valves do not close?
What are 3 signs of a DVT?
What are 3 signs of a DVT?
What test is used to detect DVT?
What test is used to detect DVT?
What electrolytes would be observed for a cardiac lab work test and why?
What electrolytes would be observed for a cardiac lab work test and why?
What do the terms PT, PTT, and INR refer to?
What do the terms PT, PTT, and INR refer to?
Why would lab tests look at cardiac enzymes?
Why would lab tests look at cardiac enzymes?
What is a specific cardiac enzyme?
What is a specific cardiac enzyme?
When are serum levels of Troponin I highest?
When are serum levels of Troponin I highest?
Why is myoglobin and creatine kinase (CPK) not specific to cardiac muscle?
Why is myoglobin and creatine kinase (CPK) not specific to cardiac muscle?
What enzyme is used to diagnose acute MI?
What enzyme is used to diagnose acute MI?
What does lipid profiling evaluate risk of?
What does lipid profiling evaluate risk of?
What fats does lipid profiling look at?
What fats does lipid profiling look at?
What does Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) indicate?
What does Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) indicate?
What does C-Reactive Protein (CRP) indicate?
What does C-Reactive Protein (CRP) indicate?
What is homocysteine?
What is homocysteine?
What does a 12 lead ECG tell us?
What does a 12 lead ECG tell us?
What is a stress test (GXT)?
What is a stress test (GXT)?
What does a doppler show in an echocardiogram?
What does a doppler show in an echocardiogram?
What is a transesophageal echo (TEE)?
What is a transesophageal echo (TEE)?
What is heart catheterization?
What is heart catheterization?
Study Notes
CVS System Overview
- The cardiovascular system (CVS) consists of three key components: heart (pump), vessels (pipes), and blood (volume).
- Understanding shock types is essential:
- Cariogenic shock (heart dysfunction)
- Distributive shock (vessel issues, includes anaphylactic and neurogenic)
- Hypovolemic shock (blood volume deficit).
Heart Sounds
- S1 Sound: Indicates systole where ventricles contract and AV valves close.
- S2 Sound: Marks diastole with relaxation of ventricles and closure of semilunar valves.
- S3 Sound: Occurs during early diastole from passive filling, described as a "ventricular gallop" (Lup Dup Up).
- S4 Sound: Represents late diastole caused by atrial contraction against stiff ventricles, creates a "Te Lub Dup" sound.
Cardiac Pressure and Valves
- The left ventricle generates the highest pressure.
- Damage is most common in mitral and aortic valves.
Cardiac Dynamics
- Regurgitation: Occurs when a valve fails to close completely, allowing blood to flow back.
- Systole: Full contraction of ventricles pumps blood into systemic and pulmonary systems.
- Diastole: Relaxation of ventricles and contraction of atria, also known as atrial kick, allowing myocardial perfusion.
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume
- Cardiac output (CO) changes with exercise, stress, adrenaline, illness, injury, and fever.
- CO is influenced by stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR): CO = SV x HR.
- A healthy person typically ejects about 5 L of blood per minute.
Volume Measures
- End Diastolic Volume (EDV): Amount of blood in ventricles at diastole's end (approximately 120 ml).
- End Systolic Volume (ESV): Blood remaining in ventricles post-systole (approximately 50 ml).
- Stroke Volume (SV) is calculated as EDV - ESV, resulting in approximately 70 ml.
Ejection Fraction
- Ejection fraction (EF) quantifies the percentage of diastolic volume ejected during systole: EF = SV/EDV.
- Normal EF ranges from 50% to 70%.
Cardiac Assessment Indicators
- Pulse deficit: Discrepancy between heart rate and pulse rate due to extra beats from stimulants.
- Murmur: Caused by turbulent blood flow and indicates valve issues; categorized into systolic and diastolic murmurs based on timing.
- Edema: Indicates excess blood volume, typically linked to heart failure, particularly if present in both legs.
Electrolytes and Cardiac Labs
- Key electrolytes:
- Sodium: Fluid imbalance indicator.
- Potassium: Impact on cardiac irritability.
- Calcium: Contractility concerns.
- Magnesium: Maintains potassium levels and calcium absorption.
- Cardiac enzymes, such as Troponin I and T, are specific to cardiac muscle damage.
Diagnostic Procedures
- 12-lead ECG: Used to assess heart rate, rhythm, and presence of ST changes.
- Stress Test (GXT): Monitors cardiovascular response under exercise conditions.
- Echocardiogram: Uses ultrasound to evaluate heart structure and function, including direction and velocity of blood flow.
- Transesophageal Echo (TEE): Provides a clearer, more detailed view of the heart but is invasive.
Additional Tests and Indicators
- Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP): Secreted in response to increased ventricular stretch; indicates heart failure.
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP): Marker of systemic inflammation associated with atherosclerosis risk.
- Lipid profile: Evaluates risk for cardiovascular disease by measuring LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular system with these flashcards. This quiz covers the three parts of the CVS system, types of shock, and heart sounds. Perfect for students studying nursing or medicine.
