Cardiovascular System Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Oxygen-poor blood enters which chamber of the heart?

Right Atrium

The right atrioventricular valve is also called the?

tricuspid valve

The only arteries in the body that carry oxygen-poor blood are the coronary arteries.

False

Left ventricular contraction propels blood through which valve?

aortic valve Signup and view all the answers

How many pulmonary veins are there?

four Signup and view all the answers

The external layer of the heart wall is the?

epicardium Signup and view all the answers

The __________ valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.

tricuspid Signup and view all the answers

Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries?

pulmonary circuit Signup and view all the answers

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system includes the left ventricle and aorta?

systemic circuit Signup and view all the answers

Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?

right atrium and right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to?

lubricate membranes of the pericardium Signup and view all the answers

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

aortic semilunar valve Signup and view all the answers

The sequence of travel by an action potential through the heart is?

sinoatrial node; atrioventricular node; atrioventricular bundle; bundle branches; Purkinje fibers Signup and view all the answers

In the heart, an action potential originates in the?

sinoatrial node Signup and view all the answers

This is true concerning the heart conduction system?

True Signup and view all the answers

The P wave of the ECG coincides with ventricular filling.

True Signup and view all the answers

During the depolarization phase of cardiac muscle?

voltage-gated sodium channels open Signup and view all the answers

In cardiac muscle, after the plateau phase and at the beginning of repolarization?

voltage-gated potassium channels open Signup and view all the answers

The sinoatrial (SA) node is referred to as the _____________ of the heart.

pacemaker Signup and view all the answers

Cell-to-cell junctions, called intercalated discs, contain distinct structural features called gap junctions and?

desmosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of spread of the action potential through the heart's conduction system?

SA node; AV node; AV bundle; Purkinje fibers/cell gap junctions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not true for ventricular systole?

True Signup and view all the answers

The ventricles begin to fill during ventricular diastole.

True Signup and view all the answers

The semilunar valves close during?

ventricular diastole Signup and view all the answers

The atrioventricular valves open during?

ventricular diastole Signup and view all the answers

Atrial contraction accounts for most of the ventricular filling.

False Signup and view all the answers

During which event of the cardiac cycle does aortic pressure reach its maximum?

ventricular ejection Signup and view all the answers

The audible heart sounds are caused by the contraction of the atria and ventricles.

False Signup and view all the answers

Given that cardiac output equals ____________, there are only two ways to change it: change the heart rate or change the stroke volume.

HR x SV Signup and view all the answers

What variables determine the effects on cardiac output?

changes to both HR and SV Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac output is normally expressed as?

Liters per minute Signup and view all the answers

Indicate whether the given factor would increase or decrease heart rate.

Factors include increased proprioception, cutting of the vagus nerve, epinephrine, blood acidosis, hypercapnia, nicotine, thyroid hormone, exercise, and psychological stress increase heart rate; vagal tone, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, acetylcholine, parasympathetic stimulation, SA node damage, bundle branch block, and calcium channel blockers decrease heart rate. Signup and view all the answers

Indicate whether each item would increase or decrease contractility.

Adrenaline, hypercalcemia, norepinephrine, cardiocyte hypertrophy, acute exercise, and sympathetic stimulation increase contractility; acetylcholine, hyperkalemia, and hypoxia decrease contractility. Signup and view all the answers

Indicate whether each item would increase or decrease stroke volume.

Increasing EDV, preload, contractility, activity of muscular and respiratory pumps, sympathetic stimulation, stress, increased renal retention of water and sodium, and acute exercise increase stroke volume; increasing afterload, increased HR, decreased venous return, significant hemorrhage, dehydration, and increased mitral valve regurgitation decrease stroke volume. Signup and view all the answers

Just prior to atrial contraction?

all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped?

by a single ventricle in one minute Signup and view all the answers

Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes?

an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells Signup and view all the answers

According to the Frank-Starling law?

as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful Signup and view all the answers

A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be a?

negative inotropic agent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output?

an increase in afterload Signup and view all the answers

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via?

CN X - Vagus Signup and view all the answers

Sympathetic innervation of the heart?

increases the force of contractions Signup and view all the answers

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________.

atrial depolarization Signup and view all the answers

Nodal rhythm is set by the ___________ and is slower.

AV node Signup and view all the answers

What valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle?

aortic semilunar Signup and view all the answers

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.

left atrium Signup and view all the answers

The blood in the aorta is ____________.

oxygenated Signup and view all the answers

Which valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

tricuspid valve Signup and view all the answers

The _______________ carries parasympathetic innervation to the heart.

vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following will decrease heart rate?

acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Blood within the inferior vena cavae returns to the ________.

right atrium Signup and view all the answers

The plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle results from the action of ________.

Ca2+ channels and an increase in contraction time Signup and view all the answers

Which is true regarding cardiac myocardium?

True Signup and view all the answers

During ventricular diastole ___________.

blood enters the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

A negative chronotropic drug will result in ____________.

decrease in HR Signup and view all the answers

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

closure of the heart valves Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following will increase heart muscle contractility?

epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

During ventricular diastole, pressure drops and the ___________ valves close due to the backflow of blood from the arteries.

semilunar Signup and view all the answers

________________ is persistent high heart rate in a resting adult and may result from stress, drugs, heart disease or an increase in body temperature.

tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would have a positive inotropic effect and result in an increase in stroke volume?

epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following will increase cardiac output?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The bicuspid valve separates ________.

left atrium from left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow

Oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium of the heart.
The right atrioventricular valve is known as the tricuspid valve.
Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood, not coronary arteries.
Four pulmonary veins transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
The left ventricular contraction propels blood through the aortic valve.

Cardiac Structures and Valves

The epicardium is the external layer of the heart wall.
The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle.
The aortic semilunar valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle during relaxation.

Action Potentials and Conduction System

An action potential travels in sequence: sinoatrial node (SA node) → atrioventricular node (AV node) → AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.
The SA node is the heart's pacemaker.
Action potentials pass slowly through the AV node due to the delay it creates.
The P wave on an ECG corresponds to atrial depolarization and ventricular filling.

Cardiac Cycle and Phases

Ventricular diastole is when the ventricles fill with blood.
During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract and aortic pressure reaches its maximum during ventricular ejection.
Heart sounds occur by the closure of valves, not by muscle contractions.

Cardiac Output and Regulation

Cardiac output is determined by heart rate (HR) multiplied by stroke volume (SV).
Factors influencing heart rate include exercise, hormonal stimulation (such as epinephrine), and nerve activity.
Increased preload, contractility, and muscular activity can increase stroke volume.
Decreased stroke volume can result from increases in afterload or significant blood loss.

Innervation and Hormonal Effects

The vagus nerve (CN X) provides parasympathetic innervation, decreasing heart rate.
Sympathetic stimulation increases both heart rate and contraction strength.
Conditions affecting ion levels, like hyperkalemia, can decrease contractility.

Cardiac Muscle Properties

Myocardium relies on aerobic metabolism making it susceptible to ischemic damage.
The plateau phase in cardiac action potentials results from calcium channel activity, extending contraction duration.

Heart Rate and Rhythm

Tachycardia is characterized by a persistently high heart rate in resting adults, possibly due to stress or drugs.
Normal heart rhythms may shift due to variations in SA node activity or autonomic influences.

Summary of Valves and Circulation

Aortic semilunar valves prevent backflow to the left ventricle; tricuspid valve separates right atrium from right ventricle; bicuspid valve separates left atrium from left ventricle.
Blood flows from the inferior vena cava into the right atrium, completing the circuit of systemic circulation.

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Test your knowledge of the cardiovascular system with these flashcards focusing on essential heart functions and structures. Each card presents a question or statement related to the heart, including chambers, valves, and blood flow. Perfect for students wanting to reinforce their understanding of heart anatomy.

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Module 2

Questions and Answers

Oxygen-poor blood enters which chamber of the heart?

The right atrioventricular valve is also called the?

The only arteries in the body that carry oxygen-poor blood are the coronary arteries.

Left ventricular contraction propels blood through which valve?

How many pulmonary veins are there?

The external layer of the heart wall is the?

The __________ valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries?

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system includes the left ventricle and aorta?

Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?

The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to?

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

The sequence of travel by an action potential through the heart is?

In the heart, an action potential originates in the?

This is true concerning the heart conduction system?

The P wave of the ECG coincides with ventricular filling.

During the depolarization phase of cardiac muscle?

In cardiac muscle, after the plateau phase and at the beginning of repolarization?

The sinoatrial (SA) node is referred to as the _____________ of the heart.

Cell-to-cell junctions, called intercalated discs, contain distinct structural features called gap junctions and?

What is the correct order of spread of the action potential through the heart's conduction system?

Which of the following is not true for ventricular systole?

The ventricles begin to fill during ventricular diastole.

The semilunar valves close during?

The atrioventricular valves open during?

Atrial contraction accounts for most of the ventricular filling.

During which event of the cardiac cycle does aortic pressure reach its maximum?

The audible heart sounds are caused by the contraction of the atria and ventricles.

Given that cardiac output equals ____________, there are only two ways to change it: change the heart rate or change the stroke volume.

What variables determine the effects on cardiac output?

Cardiac output is normally expressed as?

Indicate whether the given factor would increase or decrease heart rate.

Indicate whether each item would increase or decrease contractility.

Indicate whether each item would increase or decrease stroke volume.

Just prior to atrial contraction?

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped?

Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes?

According to the Frank-Starling law?

A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be a?

Which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output?

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via?

Sympathetic innervation of the heart?

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________.

Nodal rhythm is set by the ___________ and is slower.

What valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle?

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.

The blood in the aorta is ____________.

Which valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

The _______________ carries parasympathetic innervation to the heart.

Which of the following will decrease heart rate?

Blood within the inferior vena cavae returns to the ________.

The plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle results from the action of ________.

Which is true regarding cardiac myocardium?

During ventricular diastole ___________.

A negative chronotropic drug will result in ____________.

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

Which of the following will increase heart muscle contractility?

During ventricular diastole, pressure drops and the ___________ valves close due to the backflow of blood from the arteries.

________________ is persistent high heart rate in a resting adult and may result from stress, drugs, heart disease or an increase in body temperature.

Which of the following would have a positive inotropic effect and result in an increase in stroke volume?

Which of the following will increase cardiac output?

The bicuspid valve separates ________.

Study Notes

Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow

Cardiac Structures and Valves

Action Potentials and Conduction System

Cardiac Cycle and Phases

Cardiac Output and Regulation

Innervation and Hormonal Effects

Cardiac Muscle Properties

Heart Rate and Rhythm

Summary of Valves and Circulation

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