Anatomy Flashcards: Cardiovascular System Chapter 11
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Questions and Answers

The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the what?

Thorax

It's apex rests on the ______, and its base is at the level of the ______ rib.

Diaphragm; second

The coronary arteries that nourish the myocardium arise from the what?

Aorta

The coronary sinus empties into the _______.

<p>Right Atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Relative to the roles of the heart chambers, the _____ are receiving chambers.

<p>Atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

The atria are receiving chambers, whereas the ______ are discharging chambers.

<p>Ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the what?

<p>Endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outermost layer of the heart is called the what?

<p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fluid that fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease ______ during heart activity.

<p>Friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart muscle, or myocardium, is composed of a specialized type of muscle tissue called ______.

<p>Cardiac Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ______.

<p>Systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period of ventricular relaxation is called what?

<p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

The monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are _____.

<p>lub-dup</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first heart sound is a result of the closure of what valves?

<p>Atrioventricular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Closure of the __________ valves cause the second heart sound.

<p>Semilunar</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first heart sound are the ______, the chambers that have just emptied are the ______.

<p>Ventricles; Atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immediately after the second heart sound, the ______ are filling with blood, and the _______ are empty.

<p>Atria; Ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal heart sounds, or _____, usually indicate valve problems.

<p>Murmurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is called an ______.

<p>Electrocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period during which the atria are depolarizing is known as the _____ wave.

<p>P</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period during which the ventricles are repolarizing is called the _____ wave.

<p>T</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period during which the ventricles are depolarizing, which precedes their contraction, is referred to as the _____ wave.

<p>QRS</p> Signup and view all the answers

An abnormally slow heartbeat, that is, below 60 bpm is called ______.

<p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition in which the heart is uncoordinated and useless as a pump is called ______.

<p>Fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

An abnormally rapid heartbeat, that is over 100 bpm is called ______.

<p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to the AV node, totally or partially releasing the ventricles from the control of the sinoatrial (SA) node is referred to as ______.

<p>Heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chest pain resulting from ischemia of the myocardium is referred to as ______.

<p>Angina Pectoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term doesn't belong: a.Pulmonary trunk b.Vena Cava c.Right side of the heart d.Left side of the heart

<p>Left side of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term doesn't belong: a.QRS wave b.T wave c.P wave d.Electrical activity of the ventricles

<p>P wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term doesn't belong: a.AV valves closed b.AV valves opened c.Ventricular systole d.Semi-lunar valves open

<p>AV valves opened</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term doesn't belong: a.Papillary muscles b.Aortic semilunar valve c.Tricuspid valve d.Chordae tendineae

<p>Aortic semilunar valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term doesn't belong: a.Tricuspid valve b.Mitral valve c.Bicuspid valve d.Left AV valve

<p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term doesn't belong: a.Ischemia b.Infarct c.Scar tissue repair d.Heart block

<p>Heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are valves present in veins but not arteries?

<p>To prevent backflow of blood in low-pressure environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Single thin layer of the endothelium is called ______.

<p>Tunica intima</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bulky middle coat, containing smooth muscle and elastin is called ______.

<p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow is called ______.

<p>Tunica intima</p> Signup and view all the answers

The only tunic of capillaries is called ______.

<p>Tunica intima</p> Signup and view all the answers

Also called the adventitia is ______.

<p>Tunica externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation is the ______.

<p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

Supporting, protective coat is referred to as ______.

<p>Tunica externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity is called ______.

<p>Pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls is known as ______.

<p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Factors related to blood pressure include ______.

<p>Cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

Event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance is ______.

<p>Constriction of arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood pressure during heart contraction is called ______.

<p>Systolic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood pressure during heart relaxation is called ______.

<p>Diastolic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Site where blood pressure determinations are normally made is at ______.

<p>Over arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Points at the body surface where the pulse may be felt are called ______.

<p>Pressure points</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sounds heard over a blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed are called ______.

<p>Sounds of the Korotkoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased diameter of the arterioles will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased blood viscosity will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased cardiac output will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased pulse rate will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anxiety and fear will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased urine output will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sudden change in position from reclining to standing will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical exercise will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical training will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol consumption will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemorrhage will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nicotine will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arteriosclerosis will increase or decrease blood pressure?

<p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tell the order in which blood flows through the heart.

<p>1.Vena Cava 2.Right Atrium 3.Tricuspid 4.Right Ventricle 5.Pulmonary Semilunar 6.Pulmonary Artery 7.Pulmonary Vein 8.Left Atrium 9.Bicuspid (Mitral) 10.Left Ventricle 11.Aortic Semilunar 12.Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Students frequently have the incorrect notion that arteries carry only blood that holds oxygen, while veins carry blood bearing only carbon dioxide. Why is this not a valid generalization?

<p>Both arteries and veins can carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood, depending on their location in the circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a larger, stronger pump needed on the left side of the heart?

<p>It pumps blood throughout the entire body, requiring more force due to the increased distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the functional necessity of the atrioventricular valves.

<p>They prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the functional necessity of the semi-lunar valves.

<p>They prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles after contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What produces heart sounds one and two?

<p>s1: Closing of the atrial valves s2: Closing of the ventricular valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are unusual heart sounds significant?

<p>They may indicate a problem with heart valve closure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is simultaneous contraction functionally important?

<p>If they don't contract together, blood may pool instead of circulating adequately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it unlikely for heart sounds and pulse to not be detected simultaneously?

<p>The blood must circulate completely through the heart before it impacts peripheral circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arteries are often thick walled and veins are often more thin walled. What general shape seems to result from this difference in wall structure?

<p>Veins are longer and arteries are circular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do arteries have heavy walls while veins can function with thin walls?

<p>Arteries experience higher pressure than veins due to heart contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a capillary compare to an artery or vein in diameter?

<p>The capillary would be smaller than the artery or vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a capillary compare to an artery or vein in thickness of the wall?

<p>The vein or artery would have a thicker wall than the capillary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the dimensions of arteries, veins, and capillaries functionally important?

<p>They ensure smooth and rapid blood flow throughout the circulatory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood vessels springing back when under pressure is due to their ______ tissue.

<p>Connective</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ is responsible for the smooth, uninterrupted flow of blood through the vessels.

<p>Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stopping the flow of blood to certain organs at times is caused by the _________ tissue.

<p>Epithelial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is vein structure needed?

<p>To prevent backflow and regulate blood movement against gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it that veins need valves but arteries do not?

<p>Veins operate under lower pressure and need to prevent backflow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do veins bulge when the hand is in this position?

<p>Blood is flowing all the way down to the hands when the arm hangs down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the veins when you make a fist and why?

<p>The veins bulge even more due to blockage in their circulation path.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the vein pattern change when your hand is raised above your head?

<p>Blood returns to the heart as gravity affects circulatory dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does stretching accomplish when waking?

<p>Improves circulation after periods of immobility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it a good practice to stretch before arising?

<p>It enhances circulation and prepares the body for activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the discomfort/pain experienced when a limb is not elevated following surgery.

<p>Poor circulation leads to excessive blood pooling, causing discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do you feel more comfortable when shifting your position after sitting for long periods?

<p>Movement stimulates blood flow and alleviates circulation issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the volume of blood in veins greater than in other circulatory parts?

<p>Veins have a larger capacity and are thinner-walled, accommodating more blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you examine ventricular rhythms?

<p>By looking at R intervals on an EKG strip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Represents atrial depolarization.

<p>P wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

Represents AV conduction time.

<p>PR interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Represents ventricular depolarization.

<p>QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Represents repolarization of the ventricles.

<p>T wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

Represents the time of ventricular activity including both depolarization and repolarization.

<p>QT interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Represents the early part of ventricular repolarization.

<p>ST segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart Anatomy and Function

  • The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located in the thorax.
  • Its apex rests on the diaphragm and its base is at the level of the second rib.
  • Coronary arteries originate from the aorta to nourish the myocardium.
  • The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium.
  • Atria serve as receiving chambers while ventricles are discharging chambers.
  • The endocardium lines the heart and forms the valve flaps.
  • The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart.
  • The pericardial sac is filled with fluid that reduces friction during heart activity.

Cardiac Cycle

  • Systole is the contraction of the ventricles; diastole is their relaxation.
  • Heart sounds are represented by "lub-dup":
    • The first sound results from the closure of atrioventricular valves.
    • The second sound comes from the closure of semilunar valves.
  • Abnormal heart sounds (murmurs) usually indicate valve issues.

Electrical Activity of the Heart

  • An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the heart's electrical activity.
  • P wave represents atrial depolarization.
  • QRS wave reflects ventricular depolarization.
  • T wave signifies ventricular repolarization.
  • Heart block is characterized by damage to the AV node affecting ventricle control.

Blood Pressure and Flow

  • Blood pressure is determined by factors such as cardiac output and peripheral resistance.
  • Systolic pressure occurs during heart contraction, while diastolic pressure occurs during relaxation.
  • Arteries, having thick walls, experience greater pressure than veins, which have thin walls.
  • Capillaries, being the smallest vessels, have walls featuring only the tunica intima.

Vessel Structure and Function

  • Tunica intima is a thin layer lining the blood vessels, while tunica media is the muscular layer responsible for blood pressure regulation.
  • Tunica externa (adventitia) provides structural support.
  • Veins possess valves to prevent backflow, essential due to lower pressure.
  • Arteries maintain a circular shape due to their thicker walls.

Circulatory Dynamics

  • Blood flows sequentially from the vena cava to the aorta through the heart’s chambers and valves.
  • Volume comparison shows that veins hold the largest blood volume at any moment.
  • Pushing blood back toward the heart is assisted by muscle and epithelial tissue dynamics.

Heart Health Considerations

  • Conscious movements, such as stretching or adjusting position, enhance circulation.
  • Elevated limbs post-surgery can alleviate discomfort by preventing excessive blood pooling.
  • Consistent blood flow is crucial to overall health, emphasizing the need for effective circulation in all body positions.

Cardiac Rhythm Assessments

  • Ventricular rhythms are analyzed through R intervals on an ECG strip, ensuring effective heart function.
  • The QT interval encapsulates both depolarization and repolarization phases in the ventricles.

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Test your knowledge of the cardiovascular system with these anatomy flashcards from Chapter 11. Each card focuses on key terms and definitions related to the heart's structure and functions. Perfect for students studying anatomy or preparing for exams.

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