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Questions and Answers
What did COBOL introduce in terms of data typing?
What is the purpose of user-defined types in programming languages?
How are arrays and records commonly utilized in imperative languages?
Which type plays a central role in contemporary programming languages?
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Which type supports values of unlimited length in Python and F#?
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What type is essential for business data processing and supported by COBOL, C#, and F#?
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Which type of numeric representation requires more storage, according to the text?
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In which programming language were Boolean types first introduced?
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What is the name of the 4-byte character code developed by the Unicode Consortium and ISO?
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Which library function for character strings in C and C++ is inherently unsafe due to the lack of memory protection?
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What should C++ programmers use instead of char arrays and the C string library due to its insecurities?
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Which class supports character strings in Swift with objects being either constants or variables?
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What do data types define?
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What plays a crucial role in determining the ease of data manipulation in computer programs?
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What defines a collection of data values and a set of predefined operations on those values?
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How many elements do Boolean types have?
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What are some common string operations?
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Which type is used to store character strings in C and C++?
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What are some examples of numeric codings for character data?
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What are the design issues for character string types?
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Which programming language supports strings through the String class and the StringBuffer class for changeable values?
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Which programming language's strings are immutable like the String class objects in Java?
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In which programming language are strings represented as a class with individual characters in Unicode UTF-16 and can be accessed but not changed?
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Which programming language's String class supports constant and variable string objects with methods for character examination and concatenation?
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Which programming language includes regular expressions in its class library for pattern-matching capabilities?
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Which programming language includes support for four signed integer sizes: byte, short, int, and long?
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Which type of data type in Python can have unlimited length and is not directly supported by hardware?
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What type of notation do computers use to store negative integers?
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Which standard format do most newer machines use for floating-point values?
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Which data type is supported by larger computers for business systems applications and stores a fixed number of decimal digits with the implied decimal point at a fixed position?
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What type of data types improve readability, aid modifiability, and allow type checking of variables of a special category of use?
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Which concept, supported by most programming languages since the mid-1980s, separates the interface of a type visible to the user from its representation and set of operations?
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What are the most common structured (nonscalar) data types in imperative languages?
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What are descriptors used for in the context of data types?
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Study Notes
String Manipulation in C, C++, Java, Python, and Other Languages
- Commonly used library functions for character strings in C and C++ include strcpy, strcat, strcmp, and strlen, with parameters and return values being char pointers.
- The string manipulation functions of the C standard library, also available in C++, are inherently unsafe due to the lack of memory protection, leading to programming errors.
- C++ programmers should use the string class from the standard library instead of char arrays and the C string library due to its insecurities.
- Java supports strings through the String class, with constant strings, and the StringBuffer class, which allows changeable values specified with methods.
- Python includes strings as a primitive type with operations for substring reference, catenation, indexing, searching, and replacement, and they are immutable like Java's String class objects.
- In F#, strings are a class with individual characters represented in Unicode UTF-16 and can be accessed but not changed. Strings can be catenated with the + operator.
- In Swift, the String class supports character strings with objects being either constants or variables, and the binary + operator is used for catenation.
- String manipulation capabilities using regular expressions are included in the class libraries of C++, Java, Python, C#, and F#.
- Regular expressions in Perl, JavaScript, Ruby, and PHP are based on mathematical regular expressions and evolved from the UNIX line editor, ed, to their current form.
- A pattern expression in regular expressions, such as /[A-Za-z][A-Za-z\d]+/, matches the typical name form in programming languages, with the first character class specifying all letters and the second class specifying letters and digits.
- Another pattern expression, such as /\d+.\d*|.\d+/, matches numeric literals, with . specifying a literal decimal point and the vertical bar separating two alternatives in the whole pattern.
- There are several design choices regarding the length of string values, such as static length strings, which are used in languages like Python, Java, C++, Ruby, C#, and F#.
Evolution of Data Type Design and Use in Programming Languages
- In the earliest languages, problem space data structures were modeled using basic language-supported data structures like arrays.
- COBOL took the first step away from the Fortran I model by allowing programmers to specify the accuracy of decimal data values and providing a structured data type for records of information.
- PL/I extended the capability of accuracy specification to integer and floating-point types and included many data types to support a large range of applications.
- ALGOL 68 introduced a better approach by providing a few basic types and flexible structure-defining operators for designing data structures.
- User-defined types improve readability, aid modifiability, and allow type checking of variables of a special category of use.
- Abstract data types, supported by most programming languages since the mid-1980s, separate the interface of a type visible to the user from its representation and set of operations.
- The type system of a programming language is used for error detection, program modularization, and documentation.
- Arrays and records are the most common structured (nonscalar) data types in imperative languages, while lists have been a central part of functional programming languages.
- Structured data types are defined with type operators or constructors, such as brackets and asterisks in C for specifying arrays and pointers.
- Descriptors, which store the attributes of a variable, are used for type checking and building the code for allocation and deallocation operations.
- Identifiers do not have data types in some programming languages, and the term "object" is reserved for instances of user-defined and language-defined abstract data types.
- Primitive data types, not defined in terms of other types, are central to programming languages and are used to specify structured types along with one or more type constructors.
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