Cultural Theories: Hofstede's Four Indexes

Hofstede describes culture as 'the collective programming of the mind'.

True (A)

<p>Hofstede's work aims to provide a systematic analysis and a common terminology to describe national cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It did not consider cultural differences between groups within a country. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Power Distance Index (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncertainty Avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Countries with a high PDI score have a high level of difference between levels of power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The United States and Australia have high scores on the Individualism Index.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender roles are strictly defined and the emphasis is on achievement and material wealth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>64</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One of the main criticisms is that Hofstede's analysis is too general and does not adequately capture the complexities of culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cultural dimension that explores how societies handle power imbalances and acceptance of hierarchical structures.

A high PDI score suggests a society with significant power distance, where individuals accept a hierarchical order and defer to authority figures.

A low PDI score indicates a society with minimal power distance, where individuals are more likely to challenge authority and promote equality.

A cultural dimension that measures the degree of interdependence and individualism in a society.

High IDV scores indicate a preference for individualistic values, emphasizing personal achievements, self-reliance, and competition.

Low IDV scores indicate a preference for collectivistic values, emphasizing group goals, harmony, and social responsibility.

A cultural dimension that focuses on the roles of men and women in society, particularly in terms of assertiveness, achievement, and values.

A high MAS score indicates a masculine society, typically emphasizing ambition, achievement, competition, and material wealth.

A low MAS score indicates a feminine society, typically emphasizing quality of life, cooperation, and social responsibility.

A cultural dimension that measures the degree of tolerance and acceptance of uncertainty, ambiguity, and change in a society.

High UAI scores signify a high avoidance of uncertainty, characterized by strict rules, structure, and a preference for stability.

Low UAI scores signify a low avoidance of uncertainty, characterized by comfort with ambiguity, flexibility, and a tolerance for risk-taking.

The Philippines has a high PDI score of 94, indicating a hierarchical society where individuals accept clear power structures and deference to authority.

The Philippines has a low IDV score of 32, indicating a collectivistic society where individuals prioritize group harmony and social responsibility.

The Philippines has a high MAS score of 64, indicating a masculine society where ambition, achievement, and competition are valued.

The Philippines has a low UAI score of 44, indicating a low avoidance of uncertainty and a tolerance for ambiguity and change.

Geert Hofstede's research emphasizes the role of national cultures in shaping individual values and behaviors.

Hofstede describes culture as a collective programming of the mind that differentiates groups of people.

Hofstede's research uses data from IBM employees across multiple countries to analyze cultural differences.

Hofstede's research aims to provide a systematic and objective framework for understanding cultural differences.

While Hofstede's dimensions provide valuable insights, they are not absolute predictors of individual behavior within a culture.

Hofstede's research has been criticized for its generalizations, focus on Western perspectives, and potential political biases.

Hofstede's Four Dimensions of Culture provide a framework for understanding cultural differences in terms of power, individualism, assertiveness, and uncertainty avoidance.

Hofstede's research argues that national cultural characteristics tend to persist over time and even influence other learned cultural characteristics.

Hofstede's work highlights the importance of cross-cultural communication and understanding for effective global interactions.