Intercultural Communication Week 2

Refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.

A society that accepts a hierarchical order in which everyone has a place and that there is no need for justification.

A society that strives to equalize the distribution of power and demand justification for inequality.

In cultures with high PDI, leaders are seen as superior figures.

In cultures with low PDI, leaders are seen as necessary roles, but not superior to others.

In cultures with high PDI, subordinates expect instructions from their superiors.

In cultures with low PDI, subordinates expect to be consulted and actively participate in decision-making.

A cultural dimension that measures the degree to which individuals prioritize personal goals and autonomy versus group interests and harmony.

Cultures with high IDV prioritize individual achievements, self-reliance, and personal expression. They have more emphasis on personal goals than group goals.

Cultures with high collectivism focus on group cohesion, loyalty, and harmony. They value interdependence and prioritize the needs of the group over individual needs.

In high-IDV cultures, competition is typically between individuals, encouraging personal achievement and striving for success.

In high-collectivist cultures, competition is often between groups, emphasizing cooperation and a strong sense of community.

In high-IDV cultures, tasks are prioritized, and relationships may be developed after the task is completed.

In high-collectivist cultures, maintaining relationships is essential, even if it means delaying or compromising on tasks.

High-IDV cultures tend to have a low-context communication style, relying on explicit and direct communication.

High-collectivist cultures often have a high-context communication style, relying heavily on nonverbal cues and shared cultural understanding.

A cultural dimension that describes a society's preference for achievement, assertiveness, and competition over cooperation, nurturing, and quality of life.

A society in which success is defined by competitiveness, assertiveness, and material wealth. Values typically focus on work and achievement.

A society that prioritizes cooperation, nurturing, and quality of life over competition and achievement. Values typically focus on relationships and well-being.

The belief that women should express their emotions more freely than men, often through tears.

In masculine societies, success is seen as being respected, while in feminine societies, success is seen as fostering jealousy.

A masculine society believes in a God the Father figure, while a feminine society believes in a more human-focused spiritual approach.

In a masculine society, sex is seen as a way for the man to assert his power and control, while in a feminine society, sex is seen as a way to connect and relate.

In masculine societies, there is a higher literacy rate and more aid provided to developing countries, but also a higher rate of poverty and a belief that poverty stems from laziness.

Feminine societies prioritize leisure and quality of life over high salaries. They also believe that poverty is often a consequence of social institutions rather than individual shortcomings.

The MAS score measures how much a society prioritizes achievement, assertiveness, and competition over cooperation, care, and quality of life.

A cultural dimension that assesses a society's focus on long-term rewards and values, such as perseverance, saving, and adapting to change.

A cultural dimension that emphasizes traditions, respect for the past, and fulfilling social obligations.

Cultural differences can have significant effects on how people perceive and understand the world.

The concept that people tend to use their own cultural values and beliefs as the standard for judging other cultures.

A cultural dimension that predicts a society's life philosophies, religiosity, and educational achievements by examining their orientation toward future rewards.

A cultural dimension that measures the way people cope with uncertainty and ambiguity in their lives. Societies with high uncertainty avoidance prefer clear rules, structured tasks, and established protocols. They tend to be uncomfortable with risk and ambiguity.

Societies with high Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) strive for order, structure, and predictability. They value rules, regulations, and established procedures. These societies emphasize conformity and tradition, and discourage deviation from norms.

Societies with low Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) are more comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty. They tend to be more tolerant of risk and are less likely to be threatened by change. They value adaptability and flexibility.

In societies with high UAI, people tend to exhibit behaviors that reflect a need for certainty. They may be more likely to follow rules strictly, avoid taking risks, and prefer structured environments. They value expertise and established practices.

In societies with low UAI, people are more likely to embrace ambiguity and uncertainty. They may be comfortable with change, be open to new ideas, and be less rigid in their beliefs.

High UAI is associated with:

• Faster driving speeds and stricter traffic laws
• Increased use of ID cards and official documentation
• Perception of higher corruption levels
• Preference for clean and pure advertising, often emphasizing expert opinions and certifications

Low UAI is associated with:

• More relaxed driving laws and traffic rules
• Lower levels of alcoholism
• Less reliance on official documentation
• Lower perception of corruption
• Advertising that emphasizes convenience, humor, and individual expression

High UAI cultures tend to have educational systems that emphasize conformity, obedience, and adherence to established rules. Questioning authority is discouraged, and deviations from established norms are seen negatively.

Low UAI cultures tend to have educational systems that encourage creativity, critical thinking, and independent learning. Questioning authority is seen as positive, and students are encouraged to explore new ideas and perspectives.

High UAI cultures tend to have corporate environments that emphasize strict guidelines, policies, and adherence to established procedures. Deviation from these established protocols is heavily scrutinized, and there is little tolerance for ambiguity.