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What term is used to describe the various forms of English that have emerged worldwide due to cultural influences?
What term is used to describe the various forms of English that have emerged worldwide due to cultural influences?
Which of the following best represents the Inner Circle in the Three Concentric Circles model of English?
Which of the following best represents the Inner Circle in the Three Concentric Circles model of English?
How do cultural nuances specifically impact communication between the United Kingdom and the United States?
How do cultural nuances specifically impact communication between the United Kingdom and the United States?
What language coexists with English in Hong Kong, influencing its use?
What language coexists with English in Hong Kong, influencing its use?
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What is a key factor in the adaptation of English in the Philippines?
What is a key factor in the adaptation of English in the Philippines?
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Which variant of English might be characterized by unique idioms and expressions influenced by local culture?
Which variant of English might be characterized by unique idioms and expressions influenced by local culture?
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What aspect of communication can be improved by awareness of cultural differences?
What aspect of communication can be improved by awareness of cultural differences?
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Which statement accurately reflects the role of gestures in multicultural communication?
Which statement accurately reflects the role of gestures in multicultural communication?
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What role does communication technology play in globalization?
What role does communication technology play in globalization?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as an advantage of globalization for developed countries?
Which of the following is NOT listed as an advantage of globalization for developed countries?
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What is one of the challenges mentioned regarding the future of globalization?
What is one of the challenges mentioned regarding the future of globalization?
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How should one approach multicultural communication according to the content?
How should one approach multicultural communication according to the content?
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What is a potential adverse consequence of globalization mentioned in the content?
What is a potential adverse consequence of globalization mentioned in the content?
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What factor is essential for promoting a more equitable global landscape as per the content?
What factor is essential for promoting a more equitable global landscape as per the content?
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Which of the following impacts does globalization NOT have according to the content?
Which of the following impacts does globalization NOT have according to the content?
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What is a significant risk associated with cultural differences in communication?
What is a significant risk associated with cultural differences in communication?
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In which of the following countries is English primarily used as a second language due to historical colonization?
In which of the following countries is English primarily used as a second language due to historical colonization?
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Which of these registers is characterized by language that is fixed and does not change over time?
Which of these registers is characterized by language that is fixed and does not change over time?
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What is the primary purpose for learning English in countries categorized under the Expanding Circle?
What is the primary purpose for learning English in countries categorized under the Expanding Circle?
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In Outer Circle countries, what role does English primarily serve?
In Outer Circle countries, what role does English primarily serve?
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According to Kachru and Nelson, what primarily influences the structural variations in English varieties?
According to Kachru and Nelson, what primarily influences the structural variations in English varieties?
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Which variety of English includes countries like China, where English is taught as a foreign language?
Which variety of English includes countries like China, where English is taught as a foreign language?
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Which example does NOT belong to the Formal Register?
Which example does NOT belong to the Formal Register?
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What is commonly referred to as the 'language of controlling domains'?
What is commonly referred to as the 'language of controlling domains'?
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What is the primary aim of assertive communication?
What is the primary aim of assertive communication?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with assertive communication?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with assertive communication?
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What does 'shaping' refer to in the context of communication?
What does 'shaping' refer to in the context of communication?
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What distinguishes aggressive communication from assertive communication?
What distinguishes aggressive communication from assertive communication?
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What is one goal of argumentative communication?
What is one goal of argumentative communication?
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What is a characteristic of reinforcing communication?
What is a characteristic of reinforcing communication?
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Which of the following best describes the approach of aggressive communication?
Which of the following best describes the approach of aggressive communication?
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What does the term 'changing' imply within communication processes?
What does the term 'changing' imply within communication processes?
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What is the primary purpose of an incident report?
What is the primary purpose of an incident report?
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Which section of a memo outlines any outstanding tasks and priorities for completion?
Which section of a memo outlines any outstanding tasks and priorities for completion?
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In a memo, what should be included in the 'Action' section?
In a memo, what should be included in the 'Action' section?
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What is indicated by the 'To' line in a memo format?
What is indicated by the 'To' line in a memo format?
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Which part of a proposal aims to convince stakeholders to accept a specific action?
Which part of a proposal aims to convince stakeholders to accept a specific action?
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What does 'Avoid Verbatim' mean in the context of writing minutes?
What does 'Avoid Verbatim' mean in the context of writing minutes?
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What type of information is typically found in the 'Problems' section of project documentation?
What type of information is typically found in the 'Problems' section of project documentation?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of memo formatting?
Which of the following is NOT a component of memo formatting?
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Study Notes
Cultural Context in Communication
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Cultural differences impact communication even with shared language:
- British and American English vary due to cultural differences.
- Filipino and Hong Kong English are influenced by local cultures, resulting in unique variations.
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Examples of cultural context influencing communication:
- The UK and the USA use English with unique word choices, idioms, and humor.
- In the Philippines, English is often used alongside Filipino, with Filipino traditions shaping English usage.
- In Hong Kong, English coexists with Cantonese, leading to different language interpretations and uses.
World Englishes & The Three Concentric Circles of English
- World Englishes refers to English varieties globally reflecting cultural and linguistic contexts.
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Three Concentric Circles model (Braj Kachru) categorizes English usage:
- Inner Circle (ENL): English as a native language (e.g., USA, UK, Canada, Australia)
- Outer Circle (ESL): English as a second language (e.g., India, Nigeria, Philippines, Singapore)
- Expanding Circle (EFL): English as a foreign language (e.g., China, Japan, Russia, Brazil)
Globalization's Impact on Communication
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Globalization fosters worldwide integration through communication:
- Enables economic, political, and social partnerships.
- Leads to interdependence in technology, goods, investments, information, and services.
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Effects of globalization are both positive and negative:
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Developed Countries:
- Access to global markets
- Opportunities for cross-cultural management
- Enhanced competition
- Potential reduction in the wealth gap
- Increased investments & advanced technology
- Legal and regulatory impacts
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Adverse Consequences:
- Potential exploitation of developing countries.
- Increased competition for resources and jobs.
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Developed Countries:
Multicultural Communication
- Effective multicultural communication requires: Attentiveness, sensitivity, and lack of bias.
- Cultural differences extend beyond language: Include gestures and expressions that vary across cultures.
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Language Dominance and Control:
- Despite various English varieties, dominant languages often overshadow others.
- English often dominates government, business, education, science, and technology in countries with English as a second language.
- This is referred to as the "language of controlling domains" (Sibayan, 1989).
Language Registers
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Formal language registers: Five distinct registers reflecting formality:
- Frozen Register: Fixed and unchanging language (e.g., prayers, biblical verses, the Pledge of Allegiance, national anthems).
- Formal Register: Impersonal language for professional contexts (e.g., business letters, research papers, project proposals).
- Consultative Register: Formal but allows for two-way communication (e.g., doctor-patient conversations, teacher-student interactions).
- Casual Register: Relaxed and informal speech used amongst friends and family.
- Intimate Register: Highly personal communication used between close individuals (e.g., spouses, siblings).
Communication Styles
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Assertive Communication
- Openly expressing thoughts and beliefs while respecting others.
- Aims to achieve personal goals while fostering positive feelings.
- Characteristics: Openness, honesty, willingness to take a stand, engagement in constructive disagreement.
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Aggressive Communication
- Attacking another person's self-concept or abilities rather than engaging with their ideas.
- Uses hurtful language and manipulation to undermine the opponent.
- Creates a hostile environment.
Minutes of the Meeting
- Purpose: Records key decisions and discussions for reference.
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Format:
- Header: To, From, Date, Subject.
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Message:
- Orientation: Introduces the purpose of the memo.
- Information: Provides details and context.
- Action: Outlines required steps or decisions.
Incident Reports
- Purpose: Documents unexpected events causing harm or risks.
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Key Information:
- Involved parties: Names and titles
- Date, time, and location of the incident.
- A detailed description of what happened.
- Injuries or damages sustained.
- Witness accounts.
Proposals
- Purpose: A persuasive document convincing stakeholders to accept a course of action.
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Types:
- Business proposals: Outlines a business plan for funding or investment.
- Project proposals: Requests approval and resources for a specific project.
- Research proposals: Seeks funds for scientific or academic research.
Memo
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Guidelines for Writing Minutes:
- Active listening: Capture significant points.
- Avoid verbatim transcription: Summarize discussions.
- Speaker identification: Use initials or shorthand to attribute points made.
- Closure time: Record when the meeting ended.
- Secretary's signature to validate the document.
Project Status Report
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Format:
- Work Completed: Summary of tasks accomplished.
- Work Remaining: Overview of outstanding tasks.
- Problems: Highlight issues encountered.
- Conclusions: Summary of the project's status and recommendations.
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Description
Explore how cultural differences shape communication in English, focusing on variations found in British, American, Filipino, and Hong Kong English. This quiz also delves into the Three Concentric Circles model, illustrating the global impact of English across diverse contexts.
