Don't Be Racist (or do - but mostly no)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes cultural competence in healthcare?

A fixed set of skills to be mastered.

An approach that excludes social and political factors.

A specific goal that can be achieved through training.

A process requiring continuous development and self-awareness. (correct)

What does a facility demonstrate when it shows 'reasonable diligence'?

An absence of patient complaints.

A one-time training program for staff.

Efforts to correct deficiencies after a complaint is filed. (correct)

Immediate compliance with all healthcare regulations.

Cultural competence in healthcare encompasses understanding which of the following aspects?

Legal aspects of healthcare compliance.

Beliefs, values, traditions, and practices within different cultures. (correct)

Only race and ethnicity.

Health policies from a single cultural perspective.

Which of the following is NOT a recommended activity for achieving cultural competence in physical therapy?

Implementing exclusive policies for specific groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which level of cultural competence involves recognizing and appreciating cultural differences?

Cultural Pre-competence. Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural proficiency aim to create within healthcare settings?

A socially just democracy that advocates lifelong learning. Signup and view all the answers

What are healthcare providers required to accept and understand as part of cultural competence?

Culturally defined health-related needs of individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of a physical therapist assistant (PTA) in relation to a physical therapist (PT)?

To review the PT’s evaluation and ask for clarification when needed. Signup and view all the answers

Which level of supervision allows a physical therapist to not be physically present on-site?

General supervision Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a requirement for PTs when supervising PTAs according to the APTA?

The PT must be available by phone at all times. Signup and view all the answers

In California, what is the maximum number of PTAs that one PT can supervise?

Two PTAs Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential aspect of social responsibility within the physical therapy profession?

Advocating for access to healthcare services. Signup and view all the answers

What term did Chester Pierce, MD, introduce in 1970 that describes subtle forms of offensive actions?

Microaggressions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes microassaults?

Intentionally and explicitly derogatory verbal or non-verbal attacks Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of microaggressions highlight about the nature of offensive actions?

They are often subtle and can have cumulative effects. Signup and view all the answers

According to Chester Pierce, MD, how can the effects of microaggressions be understood?

As cumulative, leading to unimaginable magnitude in impact Signup and view all the answers

What type of message do microaggressions communicate to specific social groups?

Denigrating messages that reflect bias Signup and view all the answers

Why might microaggressions be challenging to address in interpersonal situations?

Their subtlety can lead to misinterpretations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about microaggressions is incorrect?

They can be overtly acknowledged by the aggressor. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the essence of microaggressions as per the framework provided?

They are unconscious behaviors that communicate bias. Signup and view all the answers

How are microaggressions primarily characterized according to Chester Pierce, MD?

As continuous, subtle blows rather than singular events. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of micro-invalidations?

They usually negate the realities of people's social groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement exemplifies the 'alien in own land' microaggression?

You speak good English. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a 'criminality' microaggression?

A person follows someone of color in a store. Signup and view all the answers

What misconception does the 'myth of meritocracy' embody?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

How is 'color blindness' expressed in microaggressions?

By denying the importance of race in social dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement would exemplify pathologizing culture?

Why do you have to act so emotional? Signup and view all the answers

What is true about microaggressions?

They often arise from misunderstanding cultural contexts. Signup and view all the answers

The phrase 'America is a melting pot' reflects which type of microaggression?

Color blindness. Signup and view all the answers

What does the assertion 'I have black friends' illustrate?

Denial of individual racism. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best illustrates the concept of 'ascription of intelligence'?

Did you really get an A on that exam? Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a research hypothesis from a null hypothesis?

A research hypothesis suggests a casual relationship between variables. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity assesses whether a measurement actually reflects the content it aims to measure?

Content validity Signup and view all the answers

What does intrarater reliability evaluate in research?

The reliability of a single rater over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a research question in scientific studies?

To ensure the question can contribute to scientific knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reliability involves measuring the same individual multiple times to assess consistency?

Test-Retest reliability Signup and view all the answers

What does face validity primarily assess?

The apparent relevance of the measurement to the intended testing purpose. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes null hypotheses?

They state that no relationship exists between the variables being studied. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is crucial for determining the reliability of a research instrument?

Consistency of measurement results. Signup and view all the answers

In research methodology, what role does a dependent variable play?

It is the outcome being measured or observed. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does content validity specifically evaluate?

The representativeness of the elements in a measurement. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Professional Issues Course

Course name PTA 1018
Course focus: Professionalism, Ethics, Professional Literature & Critical Thinking
Lecture 1: Introduction to the course, covering the topics of Ethics, Professionalism, Professional Literature, and Critical Thinking
Learning Objectives for Lecture 1:
- Differentiate between medical law and medical ethics
- List 6 biomedical ethical principles and their roles in healthcare
- Discuss patient bill of rights and informed consent
- Discuss HIPAA and its implications on patient care
- Explain cultural competence in healthcare and physical therapy
- Discuss professionalism and review the standards of ethical conduct
- Discuss the 7 core values and adapt them to the physical therapist assistant's professionalism
- Discuss the elements and types of research pertinent to the profession
- Promote critical thinking by evaluating research

Medical Law vs Medical Ethics

Medical Law: Establishment of social rules for conduct
Medical Ethics: System of moral principles governing medical conduct
Morals are the basis for ethical conduct
Both laws and ethics aim to create and maintain social good
Both are dynamic and change constantly

Biomedical Ethical Principles

Beneficence: Duty to provide the best physical therapy care for a patient
Nonmaleficence: "Do no harm" (refer to Hippocratic Oath, Appendix A)
Justice: Fair and equal treatment of all patients
Veracity: Truthful relationship between patient and PT/PTA
Confidentiality: Maintain privacy of patient information, encourages truthful and relevant information to health care providers, with exceptions to prevent a crime, protect patient welfare; HIPAA considerations
Autonomy and Patient's Rights: Right of a patient to control his/her own healthcare (right to choose provider, access practice policy info, involvement in goals and selection of interventions, knowledge of risks/benefits of intervention, right to refuse services)
- Refer to Patient Bill of Rights, Appendix B

Patient Bill of Rights

Patient right to receive information from their HCP to make informed decisions
Patient must be considered competent to make voluntary informed consent decisions
All necessary information must be explained to the patient in layman's terms, and patient understanding must be assessed
For physical therapy, informed consent typically occurs during the first visit and during reassessments

Nature of decision/procedure
Reasonable alternatives to proposed intervention
Relevant risks/benefits of each procedure
Assessment of patient understanding
Patient's acceptance of intervention

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Privacy rule: Requires appropriate safeguards to protect health information, sets limits on uses of information without patient consent, gives patients rights over their own health information and health records;
Protected Health Information (PHI): Individually identifiable health information (oral, written, and electronic); part of transactions use of electronic media
Notice of Privacy Practices for PHI: Individual has the right to adequate notice of how a covered entity (HCP) may use and disclose PHI, must be given to patient on first visit, the patient must acknowledge receipt of this notice, incidental uses and disclosures
HIPAA and Students' Training: Does not limit HCPs from sharing information with students; students are allowed access to patient PHI to improve skills
Patient/Client Authorization for Uses and Disclosures of PHI: Needed for research activities, not needed for: patient seeking own PHI, disclosures required by law, victims of domestic violence/elder abuse, law enforcement activities, emergency situations.
Minimum Necessary Standards for Disclosure of PHI: privacy rule requires the minimum necessary disclosures to accomplish intended purpose, exceptions include disclosures required by law, disclosures to the individual who is the subject of the information, disclosures requested by HCP for treatment purposes

Personal Representatives of Patients/Clients

Person authorized to act on behalf of the patient/client in making healthcare related decisions
Parent's access to minor's PHI: Deferred to state law, parent is not considered a personal representative if: guardian other than parent determined by court, if state does not require parent/guardian consent, when parent agrees to a confidential relationship between child and HCP
Patient/Client Access to Protected PHI: Patient has right to access any of his/her information that reflects a decision made by HCP, some facilities may require the patient to fill out a request (PHI within 6 years and accounts of disclosures)
Penalties for Violation of HIPAA: Overseen by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Office for Civil Rights; Facilities investigated after complaints are filed, facility has opportunity to show "reasonable diligence", if not facility can be fined

Cultural Competence in Healthcare

Cultural competence: involves understanding, appreciating, and working with individuals from cultures other than one's own
Includes awareness and acceptance of cultural differences, self-awareness, knowledge of patient culture, and adaptation of skills
Cultural competence in PT: Is a journey, including the recognition of biases affecting patient care; a ongoing process that should involve self-assessment and policy implementation by individuals and organizations
Cultural Competence Continuum
Microaggressions, how to navigate them as the source, recipient, and bystander

Types of Research

Experimental research
Nonexperimental research (e.g., case studies, correlative studies, developmental, historical, surveys)
Probability sampling (simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster)
Non-probability sampling (convenience, purposive)

Elements of a Research Article

Title and Abstract
Introduction (problem statement, literature review)
Methods (participants, measures, procedures, analysis)
Results (findings)
Discussion and Conclusion (interpretations, implications)
PICO Formula (patient, intervention, comparison, outcome) used to formulate well-defined searchable question

Evaluating Research

Evaluating research: methods to determine quality of research/articles (Title and abstract, Methods, Results, Discussion and Conclusion )
Critically Examining research: Considering whether the stated goals and objectives are sufficient. Considering whether the methodology employed is appropriate and sound. Considering whether the results are both statistically meaningful and clinically relevant.

Professionalism and Core Values

Professionalism: Ethical principles, attitudes of PTs and PTAs, decision-making, behaviors, judgments, relationship with other professionals, public, integration of core values
PTA Standards of Ethical Conduct: Maintaining high standards of conduct while assisting PTs, acting in the patient/client's best interest, providing selected interventions under PT supervision, referring to appropriate ethical codes
Core Values: Accountability, Altruism, Compassion/Caring, Excellence, Integrity, Professional Duty, Social Responsibility

Clinical Practice Issues

Policy and Procedure Manuals
Departmental Meetings (staff and team meetings)
Budgets (financial projections, anticipated income and expenses, types)
Costs (direct, indirect, variable, fixed)
Quality Assurance (activities, monitoring, resolving problems)
Utilization Review (evaluation of necessity, quality, effectiveness, efficiency)
Peer Review (improving quality of care, retrospective or concurrent, evaluating by peers)
Risk Management (identifying problems, developing guidelines, anticipating future problems, and managing safety and injury issues)
Incident Reporting (date, time, place, events, involvement, treatment, future prevention)

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Description

Test your knowledge on cultural competence within healthcare settings. This quiz covers key concepts, activities, and levels of cultural understanding essential for healthcare providers. Determine how cultural proficiency impacts overall patient care and facility diligence.