K12,13-Culicine Mosquitoes as Disease Vectors

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Questions and Answers

What is the medically important genus of mosquitoes that is a vector for disease?

Culicinea

Mansonia

Aedes (correct)

Culex

What is the characteristic of the life cycle of mosquitoes?

They undergo nuclear division

They are holometabolous insects (correct)

They are hemimetabolous insects

They give birth to live young

What is the primary location for Aedes aegypti to rest?

On trees

In the dark in the house (correct)

On plants such as shrubs and grasses

In water reservoirs

What is the maximum flight range of Aedes mosquitoes reported in a study by Gubler?

800 meters Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of disease transmitted by Aedes africanus in Africa and Latin America?

Yellow fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the rash of dengue?

It appears only during the second bout of fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of Aedes mosquitoes?

Stagnant water Signup and view all the answers

What is the genus of mosquitoes that includes Culex and Aedes?

Culicinae Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the virus that is spread by Ae. aegypti and causes symptoms similar to dengue fever?

Chikungunya Signup and view all the answers

Which mosquito species is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti in Japan and China?

Aedes togoi Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by the California encephalitis virus?

California encephalitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that Zika is transmitted?

Through the bite of an infected mosquito Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the mosquito that breeds on stumps by the seaside and is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti?

Aedes togoi Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary attraction for Mansonia mosquitoes?

Animals Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by the Chikungunya virus?

Chikungunya Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of Zika virus infection?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred biting location of Mansonia mosquitoes?

Lower limbs Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical habitat of Mansonia larvae and pupae?

Water bodies with permanent vegetation Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the trumpets of Mansonia larvae?

They are modified for piercing plant materials Signup and view all the answers

Where do Mansonia mosquitoes typically rest after a blood meal?

Outdoors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary vector of Brugia malayi?

Mansonia species Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of development that is infectious to humans?

L3 Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for L4 to develop and give birth to microfilariae?

35-40 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the modified trumpets in Mansonia pupae?

For piercing plant materials Signup and view all the answers

What is the preparation time in humans for Wuchereria bancrofti?

11 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a personal protection method?

Vaccination Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of space sprays?

To kill flying and resting insects Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of larvicides?

To kill immature mosquitoes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of insect growth regulators (IGRs)?

To regulate mosquito growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of biological control?

To introduce predators of mosquitoes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fish in biological control?

To eat mosquito larvae Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cyclopoid copepods in biological control?

To eat mosquito larvae Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Culicine Mosquitoes

Culicine mosquitoes belong to the Order Diptera, Family Culicidae, and Subfamily Culicinae.
The subfamily Culicinae consists of 30 genera of mosquitoes, with medically important ones including Culex, Aedes, Mansonia, Sabethes, Haemagogus, and Psorophora.
Culicine mosquitoes are found in every continent except Antarctica, with high concentrations in tropical areas.

Biology of Culex spp.

Culex spp. are holometabolous insects that lay their eggs in stagnant water, which benefits their aquatic larval stage.

Biology of Aedes spp.

Aedes spp. lay eggs on moist substrates near water lines, such as cans, tree holes, and water reservoirs on stumps.
Adults of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are active in the morning and at dusk.
Aedes aegypti rest in the dark in houses, while Aedes albopictus bites outside the house and sometimes indoors.
Aedes albopictus rests on plants such as shrubs and grasses.
Average flight range of Aedes spp. is up to 200m, but can be up to 800m.

Disease Vectors

Aedes spp. are vectors of:
- Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever
- Yellow fever
- Chikungunya
- Zika
- Encephalitis
- Filariasis

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is transmitted in Africa and Latin America.
It is a zoonotic disease, transmitted from monkeys in forests to humans by Aedes africanus.
Infected monkeys searching for food in farms/orchards are bitten by Ae. simpsoni, which breeds in banana trees, maize, and pineapple.
Rural people get infected and then spread the disease to urban populations by Ae. aegypti.

Chikungunya

Chikungunya is a virus from the family Togaviridae.
Symptoms include febrile fever, joint pain, and maculopular rash.
Pain in joints can last for weeks or months.

Zika

Zika is a mosquito-borne virus that is also sexually transmitted.
Most people infected with Zika have no symptoms.
Symptoms include fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes.
Symptoms usually begin a few days after being bitten by an infected mosquito or having unprotected sex with someone who is infected.
The illness is usually mild, with symptoms lasting about a week.
The greatest risk of Zika is to a pregnant woman's developing baby.

Viral Encephalitis

Eastern equine encephalitis is found in the USA and is transmitted by a few Aedes species.
California encephalitis virus is transmitted by Aedes melanimon.

Filariasis

Aedes togoi in Japan and China breeds on stumps by the seaside and is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti.
Aedes poecilus in the Philippines breeds on banana tree trunks, shoots, and spreads nocturnal periodic Wuchereria bancrofti.
Aedes polynesiensis in Polynesia is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti.

Mansonia Mosquito

Mansonia mosquitoes lay eggs on the undersides of leaves of aquatic plants.
Larvae have a siphon that pierces the roots of plants.
Adult mosquitoes are nocturnal, but can also bite during the day in the shade.
Adult mosquitoes bite humans, but are more attracted to animals.
Mansonia mosquitoes prefer to bite on the lower limbs of humans.
Life cycle:
- Eggs are laid in masses glued to the lower sides of plants.
- Larvae and pupae attach themselves to aquatic plants for breathing.
- They can be found in water bodies with permanent vegetation, such as swamps, ponds, and irrigation canals.

Behaviour of Mansonia Mosquito

Mansonia species usually bite at night, mostly outdoors, but some species enter houses.
Resting after a blood-meal normally takes place outdoors.

Importance of Mansonia

Mansonia species are the most important vector of Brugia malayi.
Microfilaria in the blood is sucked by Mansonia spp.
Microfilaria penetrates the midgut into the hemocele and undergoes growth changes.

Prevention and Control

Personal protection methods:
- Repellents
- Protective clothing
- Insecticide vaporizers
- Mosquito nets
Insecticides:
- Selected for effectiveness against target mosquito species.
- Insecticidal aerosols are used for immediate results.
- Space sprays are applied in and around houses and outdoor resting places.
Prevention of breeding:
- Source reduction (covering or screening water containers, draining ponds and marshes, etc.)
- Larvicides (killing immature mosquitoes)
- Insect growth regulators (IGRs)
- Microbial larvicides (Bti)
- Surface oils and films
- Habitats in and around houses
- Habitats in the field
Biological control:
- Introducing natural enemies, such as parasites, disease organisms, and predatory animals.
- Fish that eat mosquito larvae
- Predatory mosquitoes of the genus Toxorhynchites
- Dragonflies
- Cyclopoid copepods
- Nematode worms
- Fungi that grow in the bodies of mosquito larvae

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Description

This quiz covers the characteristics and importance of culicine mosquitoes, including their role as disease vectors. Learn about the subfamily Culicinae and its medically significant genera. Understand the distribution and significance of culicine mosquitoes globally.